The study was conducted to identify the importance of socio-cultural traits of tribal people in relation to development. It was aimed at finding the key components of Pushtun culture that may accelerate or restrain development interventions in FATA region of the country. This study was conducted in three zones of the tribal areas of Pakistan, and a total number of 384 respondents were selected randomly. The respondents were subjected to closed ended questionnaires. Questionnaires acquired information related to the link of three basic elements of Pushtunwali (nang, melmastia and badal), in relation to their importance for present day development. Results revealed that a majority of respondents considered nang as the mode of development in their areas. Also, melmastia, by a majority of respondents, was favored to be extended to development consultants, subject to their follow up of local traditions. Moreover, a prominent number of respondents also considered deployment of badal to development interventions as well as related personnel, if development interventions defy or counter local traits and locals’ consent. Incorporating local societal culture was thus considered to play a pivotal role in determining success of rural developmental projects in FATA region of Pakistan.
Ahmad, A. S. (1973) Mataloona: Pukhto Proverbs. Pakistan Academy for Rural Development. Oxford: University Press Publication.
Ahmad, A. S. (1976) Millennium and charisma among Pathans: a critical essay in social anthropology. London: Routledge Publication.
Ahmad, A. S. (1980) Pukhtun Economy and Society: traditional structure and economic development in a tribal society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Publication.
Babajanian, B. V. (2008) “Social capital and community participation in post-Soviet Armenia: implications for policy and practice”. Europe-Asia Studies 60, 1299–1319.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802292861
Barfield, T. (2010) Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press.
Barreiro, P. L. and J. P. Albandoz (2001) Population and sample: sampling techniques. Management Mathematics for European School.
Berube, M. S. and D. A. Jost (1993) The American heritage college dictionary. Boston, United States: Houghton Mifflin Publishers.
Bornat, J. (2008) “Crossing boundaries with secondary analysis: implications for archived oral history data”. (un-published paper presented to the ESRC National Council for Research Methods Network for Methodological Innovation).
Cooper, D. R., P. S. Schindler and J. Sun (2006) Business research methods. Vol. 9. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin Publication.
Denzin, N. K. and Y. S. Lincoln (2011) The sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publication.
Dupree L. (1984) “Tribal warfare in Afghanistan and Pakistan: a reflection of the segmentary lineage system. Islam in Tribal Societies”. From Atlas to the Indus, 266.
Edmonds, W. W. A. and T. D. Kennedy (2012) An applied reference guide to research designs: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. SAGE Publication.
Escobar, A. (1992a) “Imagining a post-development era? Critical thought, development and social movements”. Social text, No. 31/32, Third World and Post-Colonial Issues, 20–56. Duke University Press
Escobar, A. (1992b) “Reflections on ‘development’: grassroots approaches and alternative politics in the Third World”. Futures 24, 5, 411–436.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(92)90014-7
Escobar, A. (2011) Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press.
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Random House LLC Publication.
Fridah, M. W. (2004) Sampling in research. California: Sage Publication.
Ginsburg, T. (2011) An Economic Interpretation of the Pashtunwali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
GoP (2007) FATA sustainable development plan (2007–2015). Government of Pakistan, Peshawar: Civil Secretariat.
GoP (2009) Multiple indicator cluster survey – MICS. Government of Pakistan, FATA Secretariat. Peshawar. Pakistan: Planning and Development Department.
Hauner, M. (1981) “One man against the empire: the Faqir of Ipi and the British in central Asia on the eve of and during the Second World War”. Journal of Contemporary History 16, 183–212.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002200948101600111
Holdich, T. H. (1901) The Indian borderland, 1880–1900. London: Methuen and Company.
Johnson, T. H. and M. C. Mason (2008) “No sign until the burst of fire: understanding the Pakistan-Afghanistan frontier”. International Security 32, 41–77.
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.32.4.41
Keane, M. J. and M. S. Ó. Cinnéide (1986) “Promoting economic development amongst rural communities”. Journal of Rural Studies 2, 281–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(86)90027-6
Khattak, R. W. S., F. Mohammad, and R. Lee (2014) “The Pashtun code of honour”. Research Journal of Area Study Centre. University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
Liebl, V. (2007) “Pushtuns, tribalism, leadership, Islam and Taliban: a short view: report from the field”. Small Wars & Insurgencies 18, 492–510.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310701674481
Lindholm, C. (1982) Generosity and jealousy: the Swat Pukhtun of Northern Pakistan. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Lindholm, C. (1996) Frontier perspectives: essays in comparative anthropology. Oxford University Press Karachi.
Mahdi, N. Q. (1986) “Pukhtunwali: ostracism and honor among the Pathan Hill tribes”. Ethology and Sociobiology 7, 295–304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(86)90055-5
McGregor, A. (2009) “New possibilities? Shifts in post-development theory and practice”. Geography Compass 3, 1688–1702.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00260.
Mohammed, S. N. (2010) People’s participation in development projects at grass-root level: a case study of Alampur and Jagannathpur Union Parishad. Dhaka: North South University.
Mohan, G. and K. Stokke (2000) “Participatory development and empowerment: the dangers of localism”. Third World Quarterly 21, 247–268.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590050004346
Radcliffe, S. A. and N. Laurie (2006) “Culture and development: taking culture seriously in development for Andean indigenous people”. Environment and Planning Planning D: Society and Space, 24, 231–248.
https://doi.org/10.1068/d430
Rahnema, M. and V. Bawtree (1997) The post-development reader. Chicago: University of Chicago Press and Zed Books.
Rapley, J. (1997) Understanding development: Theory and practice in the third world. London: Routledge Publication.
Saunders, M. L., A. Thornhill (1987) Research methods for business students. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall Inc.
Shams-ur-Rehman, G. (2015) “Pashtunwali and Islam: the conflict of authority in the traditional Pashtun society”. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 35, 297–307.
Shinwari, N. A. (2012) Understanding FATA: attitudes towards governance, religion and society in Pakistan's federally administered tribal areas. Vol. 5.
Simmons, P. (1992) “Women in development': a threat to liberation”. Ecologist 22, 16–20.
Spain, J. W. (1963) The people of the Khyber: The Pathans of Pakistan. California: Praeger Publishers.
Tainter, J. A. and D. G. MacGregor (2011) Pashtun Social Structure: Cultural Perceptions and Segmentary Lineage Organization. DTIC Document. Fort Belvoir, United States: The Defense Technical Information Center.
https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA553265
Tair, M. N. (2009) Rohi mataluna: Pashto proverbs. Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Taj, F. (2009) “Compatibility: the Pakhtun culture, Talibanization and obscenity”. Khyber News. Peshawar, Pakistan.
Ziai, A. (2004) “The ambivalence of post – development: between reactionary populism and radical democracy”. Third World Quarterly 25, 1045–1060.https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659042000256887
