Despite the significant impact of social, cultural, and individual factors on artistic creation, which to a large extent shape the produced works, the undeniable influence of natural phenomena on creative activities must also be acknowledged. This paper reviews various types of lotus imagery, summarizes their evolutionary characteristics, and seeks to identify the shaping factors from a natural science perspective. It reveals that the growth and evolutionary patterns of lotus in nature are largely consistent with the representation and transformation of lotus imagery in art. The preliminary conclusion is that natural phenomena significantly influence the selection and depiction of artistic subjects. Artistic creation and the resulting works are completed and formed within the dynamic tension of mutual influence and constraint between the ‘objective’ and the ‘subjective’.
Hu, Jian (2020) “Liánɡ Yuán Dì ‘fú rónɡ zhàn dǐnɡ tú’ kǎo”. [Examination of emperor Liang Yuan Di’s ‘lotus and the Ceremony of Sacrificing Tripods’.] Zhōnɡ ɡuó ɡuó jiā bó wù ɡuǎn ɡuǎn kān [Journal of the National Museum of China] 7, 86–93. Available online at
https://cstj.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=7102534471&from=Qikan_Search_Index Accessed on 15 October 2024.
Huang, Guozhen, eds. (2009) Shuì lián. [Water lily.] Běijīnɡ : Zhōnɡ ɡuó lín yè chū bǎn shè. [Beijing: China Forestry Press.]
Hung, Aimei and Yu, Kai (2013) “Xiānqín qínhàn shíqí ‘jiāngnán’ gàiniàn de kǎochá”. [Investigation into the “Jiang Nan” concept during the Pre-Qin Period, and Qin and Han Dynasties.] “Shǐ lín” CSSCI běidà héxīn [Shilin CSSCI Peking University Core Journal] 2, 27–36, and 188. Available online at
https://cstj.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=45755374&from=Qikan_Search_Index Accessed on 8 November 2024.
Li, Fang (1961) Tài pínɡ ɡuǎnɡ jì. [Extensive records of the Taiping Era.] Běijīnɡ: Zhōnɡ huá shū jú. [Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company.]
Peng, Cheng and Kong, Fanli (2002) Xù mò kè huī xī. [The continuation of literary men’s talks] Běijīnɡ: Zhōnɡ huá shū jú. [Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company.]
Su, E. and Kong, Fanli (2012) Sū shì yǎn yì. [The romance of the Su.] Běijīnɡ: Zhōnɡ huá shū jú. [Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company.]
Su, Heping (2006) Yì shù xué yuán lǐ. [Principles of art.] Běijīnɡ: Zhōnɡ yānɡ mín zú dà xué chū bǎn shè. [Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press.]
Taine, H. (1865) Philosophy of art. London: H. Baillière.
Wang, Qichao and Zhang, Xingyan (2005) Chōnɡ ɡuó hé huā pǐn zhǒnɡ tú zhì. [Atlas of Chinese lotus species] Běijīnɡ: Zhōnɡ ɡuó lín yè chū bǎn shè. [Beijing: China Forestry Press.]
Wu, Pu Shu (2016) Shén nónɡ běn cǎo jīnɡ. [Shennong’s herbal classics.] Nánnínɡ: Guǎnɡ xī kē xué jì shù chū bǎn shè”. [Nanning: Guangxi Science and Technology Press].
Wuhan Botanical Garden = Zhōnɡ ɡuó kē xué yuàn wǔ hàn zhí wù yán jiū suǒ [Wuhan Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences], ed. (1987) Zhōnɡ ɡuó lián. [Chinese lotus.] Běijīnɡ: Kē xué chū bǎn shè”. [Beijing: Science Press.]
Xing, Xiangchen (1983) “Guān yú “lián de qǐ yuán dì“ kǎo zhènɡ ”. [On the origin of the lotus.] Nónɡ yè kǎo ɡǔ [Agricultural Archaeology] 2, 248–250. Available online at
https://www.cqvip.com/doc/journal/986600523 Accessed on 16 October 2024.
Zhang, Fang (2017) “Huà zhě de bó wù xué: jī yú ‘Xuān Hé huà pǔ’ de kǎo chá”. [The museum of the painter: an examination based on the Xuanhe paintings.] Nán jīnɡ yì shù xué yuàn xué bào (měi shù yǔ shè jì) [Journal of Nanjing Arts Institute (Art and Design)], 4, 9–13, and 187. Available online at
https://cstj.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=672643702 Accessed on 15 October 2024.
Zhang, Gong (2013) “Cónɡ lì shǐ tú xiànɡ xué dào xínɡ xiànɡ shǐ xué”. [From historical images to image historiography.] Xínɡ xiànɡ shǐ xué[Image Historical Studies], 1, 3–9. Available online at
https://cstj.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=88838889504849514848484851&from=Qikan_Search_Index Accessed on 15 October 2024.
Zhang, Yulan (2006) “Shànɡhǎi dōnɡ bù dì qū quán xīn shì bāo fěn zǔ hé jí ɡǔ zhí bèi hé ɡǔ qì hòu”. [Holocene pollen assemblages and paleovegetation and paleoclimate in eastern Shanghai.] Gǔ dì lǐ xué bào [Journal of Paleogeography (Chinese Edition)] 1, 35–41. Available online at
https://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=21265661 Accessed on 15 October 2024.