The purpose of the article is to analyze why Huntington’s ideas about civilizations, which have been much criticized, misused, and abused, continue to show amazing vitality by tackling the trends of international order. His paradigm has been a good predictor of international conflicts, but at the same time a tool that allows us to accept some primordial things. Properly understood and applied, civilizational analysis, which considers one’s strengths and weaknesses, can be used, like geopolitical analysis, as an indispensable component of planning a strategic approach.
Akers, Ronald L. and Christine S. Sellers, eds. (2012) Criminological theories: introduction, evaluation, and application.4th ed. London and New York: Routledge.
Arnason, Johann P. (2002) Civilizations in dispute. London: Sage.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004405424
Arnason, Johann P. (2006) “Civilizational analysis, social theory, and comparative history”. In Gerard Delanty, ed. Handbook of Contemporary European social theory, 230–241. London and New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086476-20
Baumgärtner, Maik (2020) “Gefährliche Kooperationen. Kremlnaher Thinktank mit besten Verbindungen”. Der Spiegel, 29 July. Available online at
https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/kreml-naher-thinktank-doc-russland-im-haus-a-630f4385-e868-4207-a8ec-f971da903530. Accessed on 30.04.2024.
David, Maxine and Ruth Deyermond (2021) “Russia in the liberal world order”. In Tatiana Romanova and Maxine David, eds. The Routledge handbook of EU-Russia relations, 405–416. London: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351006262-43
Dugin, Alexander (1997) Osnovy geopolitiki. Geopolititšeskoje buduštšeje Rossii. Moskva: Arktogeja Centr.
Durkheim, Émile and Marcel Mauss (1971) “Note on the notion of civilization”. Social Research 1971, 38, 4, 808–813. (Orig. 1913.)
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah (2003) “The civilizational dimension in sociological analysis”. In Comparative civilizations and multiple modernities, 33–56. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004531482_006
Fukuyama, Francis (1989) “The end of history”. The National Interest 16, 3–18.
Fukuyama, Francis (1992) The end of the history and the last man. New York: The Free Press.
Gray, Colin S. (1996) “The continued primacy of geography”. Orbis, 01 April. The Foreign Policy Research Institute.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4387(96)90063-0
Hardin, Garret (1968) “The tragedy of the commons”. Science 162, 1243–1248.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
Hattenhauer, Hans (2004) Europäische Rechtsgeschichte. 4., durchges. u. erw. Aufl. Heidelberg: C. F. Müller.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1957) The soldier and the state: the theory and politics of civil-military relations. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1968) Political order in changing societies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1993) “The clash of civilizations?”. Foreign Affairs 72, 3, 22–49.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Huntington, Samuel P. (2004) Who are we? The challenges to the American’s national identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Inkeles, Alex (1981) “Convergence and divergence in industrial societies”. In Mustafa O. Attir, Burkart H. Holzner, and Zdenek Z. Suda, eds. Directions of change: modernization theory, research, and realities, 3–38. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429048715-1
James, William (1981) The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Orig. 1890.)
Jaspers, Karl (1949) Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. München: Piper.
Kennan, George [alias Mr X] (1947) „The sources of Soviet conduct”. Foreign Affairs 25, 4, 566–582.
https://doi.org/10.2307/20031121
Krastev, Ivan (2022) “Interview conducted by Lothar Gorris”. Der Spiegel, 17 March. Available online at
https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ivan-krastev-on-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine-putin-lives-in-historic-analogies-and-metaphors-a-1d043090-1111-4829-be90-c20fd5786288. Accessed on 30.04.2024.
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970) “The structure of scientific revolutions”. 2nd enlarged ed. In Otto Neurath, ed. International encyclopedia of unified science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Available online at
https://www.lri.fr/~mbl/Stanford/CS477/papers/Kuhn-SSR-2ndEd.pdf. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Lewis, Bernard (1990) “The roots of Muslim rage”. The Atlantic Monthly, September. Available online at
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/304643/. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Mahdi, Elmandjra (1992) Première guerre civilisationnelle. Casablanca, Maroc: Toubkal.
Marx, Karl (2002) “Theses about Feuerbach”. Transl. by Cyril Smith. (Orig. 1845.) Available online at
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.pdf. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Mathews, Basil (2013) Young Islam on trek: a study in the clash of civilizations. Literary Licensing, LLC. (Orig. 1926.)
Mauss, Marcel (2004) “Civilizational forms”. In Said Amir Arjomand and Edward A. Tiryakian, eds. Rethinking civilizational analysis, 21–29. London: Sage Publications. (Orig. 1930.)
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215739.n3
Owen Matthews (2022) Overreach: the inside story of Putin`s war against Ukraine. London: Mudlark.
Owens, Mackubin T. (2015) “In defense of classical geopolitics”. Orbis 59, 4, 463–478. Available online at
https://classicsofstrategy.com/2015/02/18/in-defense-of-classical-geopolitics/. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.08.006
Plokhy, Serhii (2021) The gates of Europe: a history of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books.
Pomerantsev, Peter (2015) Nothing is true and everything is possible: adventures in modern Russia. London: Faber and Faber, Bloomsbury House.
Rose, Gideon, ed. (2013) “The clash at 20”. Foreign Affairs. Available online at
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/clash-20. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Saar, Jüri (2014) XXI sajandi väljakutse: tsivilisatsioonid, kultuurid, väärtused. [The challenges of the XXI century: civilizations, cultures, values.] Tallinn: Hea Raamat.
Said, Edward W. (2001) “The clash of ignorance”. The Nation, October 4. Available online at
https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/clash-ignorance/. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Schmitt, Carl (2006) The Nomos of the Earth in the international law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum. New York: Telos Press Publishing.
Toynbee, Arnold (1960) A study of history. A new edition revised and abridged by the author and Jane Caplan. London: Oxford University Press.
United Nations (2022) “The world’s population exceeded 8 billion on November 15, 2022”. Available online at
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/. Accessed on 29.01.2024.
Weber, Max (1949) Max Weber on the methodology of the social sciences. Transl. by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.
Weber, Max (2013) Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus. Vollständige Ausgabe. 4. Auf. C. H. Beck.
Wegener, Alfred (1966) The origin of continents and oceans. New York: Dover.