The effect of co-firing of biomass fuels with oil shale on combustion was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were the tools used to perform the investigation. Since the combustion of biomass is highly exothermic, biomass fuels can serve as an appropriate fuel feedstock. Biomass fuels producing much volatile matter and containing less cellulose are good candidates for co-firing with oil shale. The biomass samples used in the study were hazelnut shell, wheat bran, poplar, and miscanthus. Co-firing of biomass/oil shale blends was performed using different biomass ratios (10, 20 and 50% by weight).
1. Muthuraman, M., Namioka, T., Yoshikawa, K. A comparison of co-combustion characteristics of coal with wood and hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technol., 2010, 101(7), 2477–2482.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.060
2. Haykiri-Acma, H., Yaman, S., Effect of co-combustion on the burnout of lignite/biomass blends: A Turkish case study. Waste Manage., 2008, 28(11), 2077–2084.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.028
3. Gil, M. V., Casal, D., Pevida, C., Pis, J. J., Rubiera, F. Thermal behaviour and kinetics of coal/biomass blends during co-combustion. Bioresource Technol., 2010, 101(14), 56015608
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.008
4. Sahu, S. G., Sarkar, P., Chakraborty, N., Adak, A. K., Thermogravimetric assessment of combustion characteristics of blends of a coal with different biomass chars. Fuel Process. Technol., 2010, 91(3), 369–378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.12.001
5. Lee, S. Alternative Fuels. Taylor & Francis, 1996.
6. Brendow, K. Global oil shale issues and perspectives (Synthesis of the Symposium on Oil Shale held in Tallinn (Estonia) on 18 and 19 November 2002). Oil Shale, 2003, 20(1), 81–92.
7. Hotta, A., Parkkonen, R., Hiltunen, M., Arro, H., Loosaar, J., Parve, T., Pihu, T., Prikk, A., Tiikma, T. Experience of Estonian oil shale combustion based on CFB technology at Narva Power Plants. Oil Shale, 2005, 22(4S), 381–397.
8. Plamus, K., Ots, A., Pihu, T., Neshumayev, D. Firing Estonian oil shale in CFB boilers – ash balance and behaviour of carbonate minerals. Oil Shale, 2011, 28(1), 58–67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/oil.2011.1.07
9. Survey of Energy Resources – Biomass for Electricity Generation. World Energy Council, 2007.
10. Bauen, A., Woods, J., Hailes, R. A biomass blueprint to meet 15% of OECD electricity demand by 2020. Report by ICEPT and E4TECT, 2004.
11. Van Loo, S., Koppejan, J. (eds.). The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing. Earthscan, London, 2008.
12. Masuda, H., Higashitani, K., Yoshida, H. (eds.). Powder Technology Handbook. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
13. Wagoner, C. L., Winegartner, E. C. Further developments of the burning profile. J. Eng. Power Trans. ASME, 1973, 95(2), 119–123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3445697
14. Ramiah, M. V. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1970, 14(5), 1323–1337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140518
15. Ulloa, C., Borrego, A. G., Helle, S., Gordon, A. L., Garcia, X. Char characterization and DTF assays as tools to predict burnout of coal blends in power plants. Fuel, 2005, 84(2-3), 247–257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.08.008
