The article deals with Bronze Age double buttons found in Estonia. About ten of these are known, made of bronze, amber and antler. A survey is given of the known finds, their possible use and meaning is discussed. Without precluding the possibility that double buttons could have also had the function of button, i.e. means of fastening, their symbolic meaning, which was probably connected with the Bronze Age sun cult, was apparently more important.
Resümee.
On käsitletud Eestist leitud pronksiaegseid kaksiknööpe. Selliseid nööpe on teada kümmekond, valmistatud on neid pronksist, merevaigust ja sarvest. On antud ülevaade teadaolevatest leidudest ja arutletud nende võimaliku kasutusvaldkonna ning tähenduse üle. Välistamata, et kaksiknööpidel võis olla ka nööbi ehk kinnitusvahendi funktsioon, oli ilmselt olulisem nende sümboolne tähendus, mis arvatavasti oli seotud pronksiaegse päikesekultusega.
Bąbel, J. 2000.Rytualne znaczienie niektórych północnoeuropejskich brzytew z epoki brązu. Próba interpretacji. – Kultura symboliczna kręgu pól popielnicowych epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Europie środkowej. (Prace Komisji Archeologicznej, 13. Biskupińskie Prace Archeologiczne, 1.) Eds B. Gediga & D. Piotrowska. Warszawa, 157–182.
Baudou, E. 1960. Die regionale und chronologische Einteilung der jüngeren Bronzezeit im Nordischen Kreis. (Acta Universitatis Stokholmiensis. Studies in North-European Archaeology, 1.)Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
Becker, C. 2005. Spindle whorls or buttons? Ambiguous bone artefacts from Bronze Age castelliere on Istria. – From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003. (MT, 15.) Eds H. Luik et al. Tallinn, 157–174.
Bliujienė, A. 2007. Lietuvos priešistorės gintaras. Versus aureus, Vilnius.
Bouzek, J. 2000.Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des Pantheons der Urnenfelderzeit. – Kultura symboliczna kręgu pól popielnicowych epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Europie środkowej. (Prace Komisji Archeologicznej, 13. Biskupińskie Prace Archeologiczne, 1.) Eds B. Gediga &
D. Piotrowska. Warszawa, 345–354.
Brück, J. 2006.Death, exchange and reproduction in the British Bronze Age. – European Journal of Archaeology, 9: 1, 73–101.
Butrimas, A. 2001. The amber ornament collection from Daktariškė 5 Neolithic settlement. – Baltic Amber. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference Baltic Amber in Natural Sciences, Archaeology and Applied Arts, 13–18 September 2001, Vilnius, Palanga, Nida. (Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, 22.) Ed. A. Butrimas. Vilnius, 7–19.
Caple, C. 2006.Objects. Reluctant Witnesses to the Past. Routledge, London.
Choyke, A. M. 2005. Bronze Age bone and antler working at the Jászdózsa–Kápolnahalom Tell. – From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003. (MT, 15.) Eds H. Luik et al. Tallinn, 129–156.
Dabrowski, J. 2004.Ältere Bronzezeit in Polen. Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa.
Damell, D. 1985.Bronsålder i Södermanland. Undersökta gravar och gravfält från Södermanlands bronsålder och tidigaste järnålder. En kortfattad översikt. (Södermanlands museum. Rapport, 7.)Nyköping.
Dobres, M.-A. 1995.Gender and prehistoric technology: on the social agency of technical strategies. – Symbolic Aspects of Early Technologies. (World Archaeology, 27: 1.) Ed. S. Shennan. Routledge, London, 25–49.
Dobres, M.-A. 2000. Technology and Social Agency. Outlining a Practice Framework for Archaeology. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Earle, T. 2002. Bronze Age Economics. The Beginning of Political Economies. Westview Press, Oxford.
Graudonis, J. 1989. Nocietinātās apmetnes Daugavas lejtecē. Zinātne, Rīga.
Grigalavičienė, E. 1992. Kerelių piliakalnis. – Straipsnių rinkinys. (Lietuvos archeologija, 8.) Mokslas, Vilnius, 85–105.
Grigalavičienė, E. 1995. Žalvario ir ankstyvasis geležies amžius Lietuvoje. Mokslo ir Enciklopedijų Leidykla, Vilnius.
Hänsel, B. 2000.Die Götter Griechenlands und die südost- bis mitteleuropäische Spätbronzezeit. – Kultura symboliczna kręgu pól popielnicowych epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Europie środkowej. (Prace Komisji Archeologicznej, 13. Biskupińskie Prace Archeologiczne, 1.) Eds B. Gediga & D. Piotrowska. Warszawa, 331–344.
Harding, A. F. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
Hodder, I. & Hutson, S. 2003.Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Indreko, R. 1939.Asva linnus-asula. – Muistse Eesti linnused. 1936.–1938. a. uurimiste tulemused. Ed. H. Moora. Õpetatud Eesti Selts,Tartu, 17–52.
Jaanits, L. et al. 1982. Eesti esiajalugu. Eesti Raamat, Tallinn.
Jonuks, T. 2005.Principles of Estonian prehistoric religion: with special emphasis to soul beliefs. – Culture and Material Culture. Papers from the first theoretical seminar of the Baltic archaeologists (BASE) held at the University of Tartu, Estonia, October 17th–19th, 2003. (Interarchaeologia, 1.) Ed. V. Lang. Tartu, 87–95.
Klebs, R. 1882. Der Bernsteinschmuck der Steinzeit von der Baggerei bei Schwarzort und anderen Lokalitäten Preussens aus den Sammlungen der Firma Stantien & Becker und der physikalisch-ökonomischenGesellschaft. Universitäts-Buch- und Steindruckerei von A. J. Dalkowski, Königsberg.
Kriiska, A., Jonuks, T. & Kraas, P. 1999. Eesti muinasesemed. Tartu. http://ornament.dragon.ee/muinasesemed
Kristiansen, K. 1998. Europe before History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kristiansen, K. & Larsson, T. B. 2005. The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lang, V. 1992.Eesti labidaspeaga luunõelte dateerimisest. – Stilus, 1, 8–32.
Lang, V. 1996. Muistne Rävala. Muistised, kronoloogia ja maaviljelusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis, eriti Pirita jõe alamjooksu piirkonnas. (MT, 4.) Tallinn.
Lang, V. 2007a. Baltimaade pronksi- ja rauaaeg. Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, Tartu.
Lang, V. & Jonuks, T. 2001. Vajangu pronksmõõk. – EAA, 5: 2, 148–153.
Lang, V. & Kriiska, A. 2001. Eesti esiaja periodiseering ja kronoloogia. – EAA, 5: 2, 83–109.
Larsson, T. B. 1986. The Bronze Age Metalwork in Southern Sweden. Aspects of Social and Spatial Organization 1800–500 B.C. (Archaeology and Environment, 6.) University of Umeå,Umeå.
Larsson, T. B. 1999.Symbols in a European Bronze Age cosmology. – Communication in Bronze Age Europe. Transactions of the Bronze Age Symposium in Tanumstrand, Bohuslän, Sweden, September 7–10, 1995. (The Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm. Studies, 9.) Ed. C. Orrling. Statens Historiska Museum,Stockholm, 9–16.
Lõugas, L., Lidén, K. & Nelson, E. 1996. Resource utilization along the Estonian coast during the Stone Age. – Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History. (PACT, 51.) Eds T. Hackens et al. Council of Europe,Rixensart, 399–420.
Lõugas, V. 1966. Asva Linnamäe 1966. a. kaevamiste aruanne. Manuscript in the Institute of History, Tallinn University.
Lõugas, V. 1970.Eesti varane metalliaeg (II a.-tuh. keskpaigast e.m.a. – 1. sajandini m.a.j.). Diss. kand. Manuscript in the Institute of History, Tallinn University.
Lõugas, V. 1978. Von der vorläufigen Datierung der Burg Kaali. – TATÜ, 4, 327–329.
Lõugas, V. 1996.Kaali kraatriväljal Phaethonit otsimas. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, Tallinn.
Luik, H. In print.Dazzling white. Bone artefacts in Bronze Age society – some preliminary thoughts from Estonia. – Colours of Archaeology. Material Culture and Society. Papers from the second theoretical seminar of the Baltic archaeologists (BASE) held in Padvaria, October 20–22, 2005. (Interarchaeologia, 2.)Ed. A. Merkevičius. Vilnius.
Lundborg, L. 1972. Undersökningar av bronsåldershögar och bronzåldersgravar i södra Halland. Höks, Tönnersjö och Halmstads härader under åren 1854–1970. (Hallands museum, 2.)Halmstad.
Merkevičius, A. 2005. Material culture and the East Baltic Bronze Age society. – Culture and Material Culture, 39–52.
Ots, M. 2006.Merevaiguleiud Baltimaade kivi- ja pronksiaja muististes. M.A. thesis.
Manuscript in the Institute of History, Tallinn University and in the University of Tartu.http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/190/1/otsmirja.pdf
Ots, M. In print. Changes in the use of amber in Estonia and the neighbouring countries in the Bronze Age. – Amber in Archaeology. Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Amber in Archaeology in Belgrade, 2006. Eds I. B. Beck et al. Belgrade.
Palavestra, A. & Krstić, V. 2006.The Magic of Amber.(Archaeological Monographies, 18.) National Museum, Belgrade.
Randsborg, K. 1996.The Nordic Bronze Age: chronological dimensions. – Acta Archaeologica, 67. Acta Archaeologica Supplementa, 1, 61–72.
Randsborg, K. 1999.Kivik powers of communication. – Communication in Bronze Age Europe, 23–32.
Renfrew, C. 1986. Varna and the emergence of wealth in prehistoric Europe. – The Social Life
of Things. Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Ed. A. Appadurai. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 141–168.
Renfrew, C. 2002. Symbol before concept. Material engagement and the early development of society. – Archaeological Theory Today. Ed. I. Hodder. Polity, Cambridge, 122–140.
Rimantienė, R. 1999. Die Kurische Nehrung aus dem Blickwinkel des Archäologen. Übersetzt von R. Kibelka. Vilniaus Dailes Akademijos Leidykla, Vilnius.
Salo, U. 1984.Pronssikausi ja rautakauden alku. (Suomen historia, 1.) Kivikausi. Pronssikausi ja rautakauden alku. Keski- ja myöhäisrautakausi. Eds E. Laaksonen et al. Weilin+Göös, Espoo.
Selling, S. 2005.At opposite ends? Cairns and bronzes as disparate displais of power in Bronze Age western Sweden. – Lund Archaeological Review, 2003–2004, 8–9, 41–56.
Sidrys, R. V. & Luchtanas, A. 1999. Shining axes, spiral pins. Early metal consumption in the East Baltic. – Acta Archaeologica, 70, 165–184.
Sperling, U. 2006.Die Spätbronze- und früheisenzeitliche Siedlung von Asva in Estland. M.A. thesis. Manuscript in the Freie Universität Berlin and in the Institute of History, Tallinn University.
Strömberg, M. 1982.Ingelstorp. Zur Siedlungsentwicklung eines südswedischen Dorfes. (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, series in 4°: 14.) Rudolf Habelt Verlag, CWK Gleerup, Bonn.
Šturms, E. 1956.Der Bernsteinschmuck der östlichen Amphorenkultur. – Rheinische Forschungen zur Vorgeschichte. Band 5. Documenta archeologica: Wolfgang La Baume dedicata. Eds H. Kühn & O. Kleemann. Röhrscheid, Bonn, 13–20.
Vasks, A. 1994. Brikuļu nocietinātā apmetne. Lubāna zemiene vēlajā bronzas un dzelzs laikmetā (1000. g. pr. Kr.–1000. g. pēc Kr.). Preses Nams,Rīga.
Vassar, A. 1940/41. Kaevamisaruanne Jämaja khk. Torgu vl. Karuste külas 1940. a. Manuscript the Institute of History, Tallinn University.
Vassar, A. 1956. Lisandeid eesti hõimude uurimisele Lääne- ja Edela-Eestis I–IV sajandil. – Eesti rahva etnilisest ajaloost. Ed. H. Moora. Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, Tallinn, 160–190.
Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė, R. 1986. Narkunų didžiojo piliakalnio tyrinėjimų rezultatai (Apatinis kultūrinis šluoksnis). – Ankstyvieji šiaurės rytų Lietuvos piliakalniai. (Lietuvos archeologija, 5.) Mokslas,Vilnius, 5–49.
Граудонис Я. 1967.Латвия в эпоху поздней бронзы и раннего железа. Начало разложения первобытно-общинного строя. Зинатне, Рига.
Данилов О. В. 1982. Культ солнца у ананьинцев. – Вопросы этнической истории в первобытную эпоху. Межвузовский сборник. Ed. В. С. Патрушев. Марийский Государственный Университет, Йошкар-Ола, 57–64.
