Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Morozov, G., Aun, K., Kukumägi, M., Padari, A., Uri, V. 2019. Soil respiration and nitrogen leaching decreased in grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) coppice after clear-cut. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 34(6), 445–457.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2019.1610189
Aosaar, J., Drenkhan, T., Adamson, K., Aun, K., Becker, H., Buht, M., Drenkhan, R., Fjodorov, M., Jürimaa, K., Morozov, G., Pihlak, L., Piiskop, K., Riit, T., Varik, M., Väär, R., Uri, M., Uri, V. 2020. The effect of stump harvesting on tree growth and the infection of root rot in young Norway spruce stands in hemiboreal Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 475, 118425.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118425
Aun, K., Kukumägi, M., Varik, M., Becker, H., Aosaar, J., Uri, Buht, M., Uri, V. 2021a. Short-term effect of thinning on the carbon budget of young and middle-aged silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 480, 118660.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118660
Aun, K., Kukumägi, M., Varik, M., Becker, H., Aosaar, J., Uri, M., Morozov, G., Buht, M., Uri, V. 2021b. Short-term effect of thinning on the carbon budget of young and middle-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 492, 119241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119241
Aun, K., Kukumägi, M., Varik, M., Uri, M., Buht, M., Aosaar, J., Padari, A., Sepaste, A., Soosaar, K., Becker, H., Uri, V. 2022. Recovery dynamics of ecosystem carbon budgets in a young silver birch stand chronosequence after clear-cut – Estonian case study. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 37(5–8), 352−365.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2022.2155235
Baldocchi, D., 2014. Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere − the state and future of the eddy covariance method. Global Change Biolology 20(12), 3600–3609.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12649
Becker, H., Uri, V., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Mander, Ü., Soosaar, K. 2015. The effects of clear-cut on net nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen losses in a grey alder stand. Ecological Engineering, 85, 237−246.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.10.006
Becker, H., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Morozov, G., Kanal, A., Uri, V. 2016. The effect of Norway spruce stump harvesting on net nitrogen mineralization and nutrient leaching. Forest Ecology and Management, 377, 150−160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.005
Becker, H., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Morozov, G., Aun, K., Mander, Ü., Soosaar, K., Uri, V. 2018. Annual net nitrogen mineralization and litter flux in well-drained downy birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine forest ecosystems. Silva Fennica, 52(4), 10013.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10013
Berg, B., Staaf, H. 1981. Leaching, accumulation and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter. Ecological Bulletin, 33, 163–178.
Chamier, A. C. 1987. Effect of pH on microbial degradation of leaf litter in seven streams of the English Lake District. Oecologia, 71, 491–500.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379287
Fahey, T. J., Woodbury, P. B., Battles, J. J., Goodale, C. L., Hamburg, S. P., Ollinger, S. V., Woodall, C. W. 2010. Forest carbon storage: ecology, management, and policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(5), 245–252.
https://doi.org/10.1890/080169
Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, 2013. Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Vantaa.
Grace, J., 2004. Understanding and managing the global carbon cycle. Journal of Ecology, 92(2), 189–202.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00874.x
Kolari, P., Pumpanen, J., Rannik, Ü., Ilvesniemi, H., Hari, P., Berninger, F. 2004. Carbon balance of different aged Scots pine forests in Southern Finland. Global Change Biology, 10(7), 1106–1119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00797.x
Krasnova, A., Kukumägi, M., Mander, Ü., Torga, R., Krasnov, D., Noe, S. M., Ostonen, I., Püttsepp, Ü., Killian, H., Uri, V., Lõhmus, K., Sõber, J., Soosaar, K. 2019. Carbon exchange in a hemiboreal mixed forest in relation to tree species composition. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 275, 11–23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.05.007
Liski, J., Palosuo, T., Peltoniemi, M., Sievänen, R. 2005. Carbon and decomposition model Yasso for forest soils. Ecological Modelling, 189(1–2), 168–182.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.005
Liski, J., Westman, C. J. 1995. Density of organic carbon in soil at coniferous forest sites in southern Finland. Biogeochemistry, 29, 183–197.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186047
Lõhmus, K., Ivask, M. 1995. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of fine roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at different sites. Plant and Soil, 168/169, 89–94.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029317
Ma, S., Chen, J., North, M., Erickson, H. E., Bresee, M., Le Moine, J. 2004. Short-term effects of experimental burning and thinning on soil respiration in an old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Environmental Management, 33(Suppl 1), S148–S159.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9125-2
McElligott, K. M., Seiler, J. R., Strahm, B. D. 2016. Partitioning soil respiration across four age classes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) on the Virginia-Piedmont. Forest Ecology and Management, 378, 173–180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.026
Meentemeyer, V., Berg, B. 1986. Regional variation in rate of mass loss of Pinus sylvestris needle litter in Swedish pine forests as influenced by climate and litter quality. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 1(1–4), 167–180.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02827588609382409
Meyer, A., Tarvainen, L., Nousratpour, A., Björk, R. G., Ernfors, M., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, Å. K., Lindroth, A., Räntfors, M., Rütting, T., Wallin, G., Weslien, P., Klemedtsson, L. 2013. A fertile peatland forest does not constitute a major greenhouse gas sink. Biogeosciences, 10(11), 7739–7758.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7739-2013
Misson, L., Tang, J., Xu, M., McKay, M., Goldstein, A. 2005. Influences of recovery from clear-cut, climate variability, and thinning on the carbon balance of a young ponderosa pine plantation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 130(3–4), 207–222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.04.001
Morozov, G., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Aun, K., Lõhmus K., Kukumägi, M., Uri, V. 2019a. The effect of thinning on annual net nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen leaching fluxes in silver birch and Scots pine stands. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 34(8), 718–731.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2019.1680728
Morozov, G., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Lõhmus, K., Padari, A., Aun, K., Uri, V. 2019b. Long-term dynamics of leaf and root decomposition and nitrogen release in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 34(1), 12−25.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2018.1521468
Olajuyigbe, S., Tobin, B., Saunders, M., Nieuwenhuis, M. 2012. Forest thinning and soil respiration in a Sitka spruce forest in Ireland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 157, 86–95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.01.016
Palviainen, M., Finér, L., Kurka, A-M., Mannerkoski, H., Piirainen, S., Starr, M. 2004. Decomposition and nutrient release from logging residues after clear-cutting of mixed boreal forest. Plant and Soil, 263(1), 53–67.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000047718.34805.fb
Peichl, M., Brodeur, J. J., Khomik, M., Arain, M. A. 2010. Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of carbon fluxes in an age-sequence of temperate pine forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(7–8), 952–965.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Agrformet.2010.03.002
Peichl, M., Martinez-Garcia, E., Fransson, J. E. S., Wallerman, J., Laudon, H., Lundmark, T., Nilsson, M. B. 2023. Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests. Global Change Biology, 29(4), 1119–1132.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16534
Peng, Y., Thomas, S. C. 2006. Soil CO2 efflux in uneven-aged managed forests: temporal patterns following harvest and effects of edaphic heterogeneity. Plant and Soil, 289(1–2), 253–264.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9133-0
Powers, M., Kolka, R., Bradford, J., Palik, B., Jurgensen, M. 2018. Forest floor and mineral soil respiration rates in a Northern Minnesota red pine chronosequence. Forests, 9(1), 16.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010016
Püttsepp, Ü., Lõhmus, K., Koppel, A. 2007. Decomposition of fine roots and α-cellulose in a short rotation willow (Salix spp.) plantation on abandoned agricultural land. Silva Fennica, 41(2), 247–258.
https://doi.org/10.14214/SF.294
Ražauskaite, R., Vanguelova, E., Cornulier, T., Smith, P., Randle, T., Smith, J. U. 2020. A new approach using modeling to interpret measured changes in soil organic carbon in forests; the case of a 200 year pine chronosequence on a podzolic soil in Scotland. Frontiers in Environmental Sciences, 8, 527–549.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.527549
Sullivan, B. W., Kolb, T. E., Hart, S. C., Kaye, J. P., Dore, S., Montes-Helu, M. 2008. Thinning reduces soil carbon dioxide but not methane flux from southwestern USA ponderosa pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(12), 4047–4055.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.051
Šlapokas, T., Granhall, U. 1991a. Decomposition of willow-leaf litter in a short-rotation forest in relation to fungal colonization and palatability for earthworms. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 10, 241–248.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337374
Šlapokas, T., Granhall, U. 1991b. Decomposition of litter in fertilized short-rotation forests on a low-humidified peat bog. Forest Ecology and Management, 41(1–2), 143–165.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90125-F
Tang, J., Qi, Y., Xu, M., Misson, L., Goldstein, A. H. 2005. Forest thinning and soil respiration in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada. Tree Physiology, 25(1), 57–66.
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.1.57
Tuomi, M., Thum, T., Järvinen, H., Fronzek, S., Berg, B., Harmon, M., Trofymow, J. A., Sevanto, S., Liski, J. 2009. Leaf litter decomposition – estimates of global variability based on Yasso07 model. Ecological Modelling, 220(23), 3362–3371.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.016
Uri, V., Lõhmus, K., Tullus, H. 2003. Annual net nitrogen mineralization in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) plantation on abandoned agricultural land. Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 167–176.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00210-X
Uri, V., Lõhmus, K., Kund, M., Tullus, H. 2008. The effect of land use on net nitrogen mineralization on abandoned agricultural land: silver birch stand -versus grassland. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(1), 226–233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.019
Uri, V., Lõhmus, K., Mander, Ü., Ostonen, I., Aosaar, J., Maddison, M., Helmisaari, H-S., Augustin, J. 2011. Long-term effects on the nitrogen budget of a short-rotation grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) forest on abandoned agricultural land. Ecological Engineering, 37(6), 920–930.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.016
Uri, V., Varik, M., Aosaar, J., Kanal, A., Kukumägi, M., Lõhmus, K. 2012. Biomass production and carbon sequestration in a fertile silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) forest chronosequence. Forest Ecology and Management, 267, 112–126.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.033
Uri, V., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Ligi, K., Padari, A., Kanal, A., Lõhmus, K. 2014. The dynamics of biomass production, carbon and nitrogen accumulation in grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) chronosequence stands in -Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 327, 106–117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.040
Uri, V., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Kukumägi, M., Ligi, K., Pärn, L., Kanal, A. 2015. Biomass resource and environmental effects of Norway spruce (Picea abies) stump harvesting: an Estonian case study. Forest Ecology and Management 335, 207–215.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.003
Uri, V., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Soosaar, K., Morozov, G., Ligi, K., Padari, A., Ostonen, I., Karoles, K. 2017a. Carbon budgets in fertile grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) moench.) stands of different ages. Forest Ecology and Management, 396, 55–67
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.004
Uri, V., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Morozov, G., Karoles, K. 2017b. Ecosystems carbon budgets of differently aged downy birch stands growing on well-drained peatlands Forest Ecology and Management, 399, 82–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.023
Uri V., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar J., Varik M., Becker H., Aun K., Krasnova A., Morozov G., Ostonen I., Mander Ü., Lõhmus K., Rosenvald K., Kriiska K., Soosaar K. 2019. The carbon balance of a six-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ecosystem estimated by different methods. Forest Ecology and Management, 433, 248–262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.012
Uri, V., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Aun, K., Lõhmus, K., Soosaar, K., Astover, A., Uri, M., Buht, M., Sepaste, A., Padari, A. 2022a. The dynamics of the carbon storage and fluxes in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronosequence. TScience of The Total Environment, 817, 152973
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152973
Uri, V., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar, J., Varik, M., Becker, H., Aun, K., Nikopensius, M., Uri, M., Buht, M., Sepaste, A., Padari, A., Asi, E., Sims, A., Karoles, K. 2022b. Litterfall dynamics in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula) stands in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 520, 120417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120417
Varik, M., Kukumägi, M., Aosaar, J., Becker, H., Ostonen, I., Lõhmus, K., Uri, V. 2015. Carbon budgets in fertile silver birch (Betula pendulaRoth) chrono-sequence stands. Ecological Engineering, 77, 284–296.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.041
Zhao, M., Running, S. W. 2010. Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009. Science, 329(5994), 940–943.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192666
