The stratigraphy of the Ordovician carbonates of Baltoscandia was initially based, during the 19th century, on the stratigraphical ranges of macrofossils, mainly trilobites, but other fossils (brachiopods, echinoderms and cephalopods) were also used. During the 20th century, their importance in biostratigraphy gradually decreased due to a greater reliance on microfossils, especially conodonts and chitinozoans, which enable accurate correlation of carbonate successions where graptolites are absent or very rare. New methods have further reduced the attraction of macrofossils for biostratigraphy, although they are useful tools in different fields of geology such as palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology. The revised data on species diversity and the stratigraphical distribution of articulated brachiopods with carbonate shells (rhynchonelliformeans) in the East Baltic are used here for the evaluation of their role and potential in the modern stratigraphy of the Ordovician System. The 106 stratigraphical units (mainly formations and members) belonging to 17 Ordovician and the lowermost Silurian regional stages are analysed based on the taxonomic composition of their brachiopod faunas comprising in total more than 400 species. The cluster analysis used in this stratigraphical experiment captures the major dissimilarities between and continuity of the regional subseries, stages and subregional units by the similarity of their brachiopod faunas. Bryozoans, another important group of benthic organisms in shallow-water facies, are analysed for comparison, providing a test for the correlations based on brachiopods.
Abushik, A. F., Modzalevskaya, T. L., Moisseeva, T. I. & Pushkin, V. I. 2007. Silurian and Early Devonian Brachiopods and Ostracods of Byelorussia. VSEGEI Press, Saint Petersburg, 125 pp. [in Russian].
Ainsaar, L., Kaljo, D., Martma, T., Meidla, T., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. & Tinn, O. 2010. Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: a correlation standard and clues to environmental history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 294, 189–201.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.003
Alikhova, T. N. 1951. Brakhiopody srednej i verkhnej chasti nizhnego silura Leningradskoj oblasti i ikh stratigraficheskoe znachenie [Brachiopods of the Middle and Upper Parts of the Lower Silurian of the Leningrad Region and Their Stratigraphical Significance]. VSEGEI, Gosgeolizdat, Moscow, 81 pp. [in Russian].
Alikhova, T. N. 1953. Rukovodyashchaya fauna brakhiopod ordovikskikh otlozhenij severo-zapadnoj chasti Russkoj platformy [Handbook of the Brachiopod Fauna of Ordovician Deposits of the North-West part of the Russian Platform]. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatelʹskogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI), Gosudarstvennoe izdatelʹstvo geologicheskoj literatury, Moscow, 127 pp. [in Russian].
Alikhova, T. N., Balashova, E. A. & Balashov, Z. G. 1954. Polevoj atlas kharakternykh kompleksov fauny otlozhenij ordovika i gotlandiya yuzhnoj chasti Litovskoj SSR [Field Atlas of Characteristic Faunal Complexes of the Ordovician and Gotlandian of the Southern Lithuanian SSR]. Moscow, 43 pp. [in Russian].
Bancroft, B. B. 1945. The brachiopod zonal indices of the stages Costonian to Onnian in Britain. Journal of Paleontology, 19, 181–252.
Bekker, H. 1921. The Kuckers Stage of the Ordovician rocks of NE Estonia. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis, A, II(1), 1–92.
Bekker, H. 1924. Mõned uued andmed Kukruse lademe stratigraafiast ja faunast [Some new data on the stratigraphy and fauna of the Kukruse Stage]. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis, A, 4(1), 1–20 [in Estonian].
Bergström, S. M., Huff, W. D., Kolata, D. R. & Bauert, H. 1995. Nomenclature, stratigraphy, chemical fingerprinting, and areal distribution of some Middle Ordovician K-bentonites in Baltoscandia. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar (GFF), 117, 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11035899509546191
Bergström, J., Pärnaste, H. & Zhou, Z.-Y. 2013. Trilobites and biofacies in the Early–Middle Ordovician of Baltica and a brief comparison with the Yangtze Plate. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62, 205–230.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2013.16
Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D., Carden, G. A. F., Robertson, D. B. R., Long, D. G. F., Meidla, T., Hints, L. & Anderson, T. F. 1994. Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period. Geology, 22, 295–298.
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0295:BAIEFA>2.3.CO;2
Cocks, L. R. M. & Rong, J.-Y. 2000. Strophomenida. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 2: Linguliformea, Craniformea, Rhynchonelliformea (part) (Kaesler, R. L., ed.), pp. 216–349. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Cocks, L. R. M. & Rong, J.-Y. 2007. Class Strophomenata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 6 Supplement (Selden, P. A., ed.), pp. 2598–2638. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Cooper, G. A. 1956. Chazyan and related brachiopods. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 127, 1–1024.
Curry, G. B. & Brunton, C. H. 2007. Stratigraphic distribution of brachiopods. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 6 Supplement (Selden, P. A., ed.), pp. 2901–2965. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Ebbestad, J. O. R. & Högström, A. E. S. 2007. Ordovician of the Siljan District, Sweden. In WOGOGOB 2007 9th Meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia. IGCP503 Ordovician Palaeogeography and Palaeoclimate. Regional Meeting 2007, August 17th–20th, Rättvik, Sweden, Field Guide and Abstracts (Ebbestad, J. O. R., Wickström, L. M. & Högström, A. E. S., eds), Rapporter och Meddelanden, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, 128, 128, 7–26.
Egerquist, E. 1999. Early Ordovician (Billingen–Volkhov stages) brachiopod faunas from the NW Russia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, 43(1/2), 341–343.
Ernst, A. 2018. Diversity dynamics of Ordovician bryozoa. Lethaia, 51, 198–206.
https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12235
Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D. A. T. 2006. Paleontological Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, 351 pp.
Hansen, J. 2008. Upper Ordovician brachiopods from the Arnestad and Frognerkilen formations in the Oslo-Asker district, Norway. Palaeontos, 13, 1–100.
Hansen, J. & Harper, D. A. T. 2003. Brachiopod macrofaunal distribution through the upper Volkhov–lower Kunda (Lower Ordovician) rocks, Lynna River, St. Petersburg region. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 50, 45–55.
Harper, D. A. T. 1986. Distributional trends within the Ordovician brachiopod faunas of the Oslo Region, south Norway. In Les Brachiopodes fossiles et actuels (Racheboeuf, P. R. & Emig, C. C., eds), Biostratigraphie du Paleozoique, 4, 465–475.
Harper, D. A. T. 2000. Dalmanellidina. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 3: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) (Kaesler, R. L., ed.), pp. 782–844. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Harper, D. A. T. 2006. The Ordovician biodiversification: setting and agenda for marine life. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232, 148–166.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.010
Harper, D. A. T. & Hints, L. 2001. Distribution and diversity of Ordovician articulated brachiopods in the East Baltic. In Brachiopods, Past and Present (Brunton, C. H. C., Cocks, L. R. M. & Long, S. L., eds), Systematics Association Special Volume, 63, 315–326.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203210437.ch32
Harper, D. A. T. & Hints, L. 2016. Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod faunas across Baltoscandia: a global and regional context. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 444, 71–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.044
Harper, D. A. T., Cocks, L. R. M., Popov, L. E., Sheehan, P. M., Bassett, M. G., Copper, P., Holmer, L. E., Jin, J. & Rong, J.-Y. 2004. Brachiopods. In The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G., eds), pp. 157–178. Columbia University Press, New York.
https://doi.org/10.7312/webb12678-018
Harper, D. A. T., Owen, A. W. & Bruton, D. L. 2009. Ordovician life around the Celtic fringes: diversifications, extinctions and migrations of brachiopod and trilobite faunas at middle latitudes. In Early Palaeozoic peri-Gondwana Terranes (Bassett, M. G., ed.), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 325, 155–168.
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP325.8
Harper, D. A. T., Rasmussen, C. M. Ø., Liljeroth, M., Blodgett, R. B., Candela, Y., Jin, J., Percival, I. G., Rong, J.-Y., Villas, E. & Zhan, R.-B. 2013. Biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. In Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography (Harper, D. A. T. & Servais, T., eds), pp. 127–144. The Geological Society, London.
Harper, D. A. T., Popov, L. E. & Holmer, L. E. 2017. Brachiopods: origin and early history. Palaeontology, 60, 609–631.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12307
Harris, T. M., Sheehan, P. M., Ainsaar, L., Hints, L., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. & Rubel, M. 2004. Upper Ordovician sequences of western Estonia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 135–148.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.045
Hints, L. 1973. New Orthacean brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician of the East Baltic area and Sweden. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Keemia, Geoloogia, 22, 248–256 [in Russian, with English summary].
Hints, L. 1975. Brakhiopody Enteletacea ordovika Pribaltiki [Ordovician Brachiopods Enteletacea of the East Baltic Area]. Tallinn, 119 pp. [in Russian, with English summary].
Hints, L. 1979. Genus Saukrodictya (Enteletacea) from the Ordovician and Silurian of Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Geoloogia, 28, 52–59 [in Russian, with English summary].
Hints, L. 1986. Genus Streptis (Triplesiidae, Brachiopoda) from the Ordovician and Silurian of Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Geoloogia, 35, 20–26 [in Russian, with English summary].
Hints, L. 1990a. Opyt primeneniya klasternogo analiza pri izuchenii faunisticheskikh assotsiatsij srednego ordovika Pribaltiki [Test of cluster analysis in the study of Middle Ordovician faunal associations of the East Baltic]. In Proceedings of the XXXIII Session of the All-Union Paleontological Society, pp. 87–94. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian].
Hints, L. 1990b. Ordovician articulated brachiopods. In Field Meeting Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook (Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H., eds), pp. 58–61. Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn.
Hints, L. 1993. Holorhynchus (Pentamerida, Brachiopoda) in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 42, 118–123.
Hints, L. 2012. New Hirnantian orthide brachiopods from the type section of the Porkuni Stage (Porkuni quarry, northeastern Estonia). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 61, 227–241.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2012.4.04
Hints, L. 2014. Revision of the concept of the orthide brachiopod Cyrtonotella in the Middle Ordovician of the East Baltic. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 63, 63–70.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2014.05
Hints, L. & Harper, D. A. T. 2003. Review of the Ordovician rhynchonelliformean Brachiopoda of the East Baltic: their distribution and biofacies. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 50, 29–43.
Hints, L. & Harper, D. A. T. 2015. The Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) brachiopod fauna of the East Baltic: taxonomy of the key species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60, 395–420.
Hints, L. & Põlma, L. 1981. Distribution of macrofossils and skeletal debris in the East Baltic Middle Ordovician. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Geoloogia, 30, 89–97 [in Russian, with English summary].
Hints, L. & Rõõmusoks, A. 1997. Articulated brachiopods. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A., eds), pp. 226–228. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.
Hints, L., Oraspõld, A. & Kaljo, D. 2000. Stratotype of the Porkuni Stage with comments on the Röa Member (uppermost Ordovician, Estonia). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 49, 177–199.
Hints, L., Paškevičius, J., Martma, T., Männik, P. & Nõlvak, J. 2016. Upper Sandbian–lower Katian bio- and chemostratigraphy in the Pajevonys-13 core section, Lithuania. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 65, 85–97.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2016.08
Jaanusson, V. 1956. Untersuchungen über den oberordovizischen Lyckholm-Stufenkomplex in Estland. The Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of Uppsala, 36, 369–401.
Jaanusson, V. 1976. Faunal dynamics in the Middle Ordovician (Viruan) of Baltoscandia. In The Ordovician System. Proceedings of Palaeontological Association Symposium, Birmingham, 1974 (Bassett, M. G., ed.), pp. 301–326. Cardiff.
Jaanusson, V. 1982. Ordovician in Västergötland. In Field Excursion Guide (Bruton, D. L. & Williams, S. H., eds), Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 279, 164–183.
Jaanusson, V. 1984. Ordovician benthic macrofaunal associations. In Aspect of the Ordovician System (Bruton, D. L., ed.), Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295, 127–139.
Kaljo, L., Hints, L., Hints, O., Männik, P., Martma, T. & Nõlvak, J. 2011. Katian prelude to the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) mass extinction: a Baltic perspective. Geological Journal, 46, 464–477.
https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1301
Kiipli, E. & Kiipli, T. 2013. Nitrogen isotopes in kukersite and black shale implying Ordovician–Silurian seawater redox conditions. Oil Shale, 30, 60–75.
https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2013.1.06
Kiipli, E., Kallaste, T. & Kiipli, T. 2008. Hydrodynamic control of sedimentation in the Ordovician (Arenig–Caradoc) Baltic Basin. Lethaia, 41, 127–137.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00112.x
Kröger, B., Hints, L. & Lehnert, O. 2014. Age, facies, and geometry of the Sandbian/Katian (Upper Ordovician) pelmatozoan-bryozoan-receptaculitid reefs of the Vasalemma Formation, northern Estonia. Facies, 60, 963–986.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-014-0410-8
Kröger, B., Hints, L. & Lehnert, O. 2017. Ordovician reef and mound evolution: the Baltoscandian Picture. Geological Magazine, 154, 683–706.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756816000303
Lamansky, W. 1905. Die Aeltesten Silurischen Schichten Russlands (Etage B). Mémoires du Comité Géologique, Nouvelle série, Livraison, 20, 1–203.
Laškovas, J. 2000. The Sedimentation Environments of the Ordovician Basin in the South-western Margin of the East European Platform and Lithogenesis of Deposits. Institute of Geology, Vilnius, 314 pp.
Laškovas, J., Marcinkevičius, V. & Paškevičius, J. 1993. The stratigraphy and structure of Ordovician rocks of the south-east part of the Baltic Basin (Drūkšiai area). Geologija (Vilnius), 14, 81–98 [in Russian, with English summary].
Männik, P. 2014. The Silurian System in Estonia. In 4th Annual Meeting of IGCP 591, The Early to Middle Palaeozoic Revolution. Estonia, 10–19 June 2014. Abstracts & Field Guide (Bauert, H., Hints, O., Meidla, T. & Männik, P., eds), pp. 123–128. Tartu.
Männik, P. & Viira, V. 2012. Ordovician conodont diversity in the northern Baltic. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 61, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2012.1.01
Männil, R. 1959 Voprosy stratigrafii i mshanki ordovika Éstonii [Problems on the Stratigraphy and Ordovician Bryozoans of Estonii]. AN Éstonskoj SSR. Tallinn, 40 pp. [in Russian].
Männil, R. 1960. Stratigraphy of the Oandu (“Vasalemma”) Stage. Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, 5, 89–122 [in Russian, with English summary].
Männil, R. 1963. The biostratigraphic subdivision of the Ordovician in western Latvia. ENSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, 13, 41–74 [in Russian, with English summary].
Männil, R. 1966. Evolution of the Baltic Basin During the Ordovician. Valgus Publishers, Tallinn, 200 pp. [in Russian, with English summary].
Männil, R. 1976. Distribution of graptoloids in the Ordovician carbonate rocks of the East Baltic area. In Graptolites and Stratigraphy (Kaljo, D. & Koren, T., eds), pp. 105–117. Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Männil, R. 1986. Stratigrafiya kukersitonosnykh otlozhenij C1b–CIII [Stratigraphy of the kukersite-bearing beds of CIb–CIII]. In Geology of the Kukersite-Bearing Beds of the Baltic Oil Shale Basin (Puura, V., ed.), pp. 12–24. Valgus Publishers, Tallinn [in Russian].
Männil, R. 1990. The Ordovician of Estonia. In Field Meeting Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook (Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H., eds), pp. 11–20. Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn.
Männil, R. & Meidla, T. 1994. A. The Ordovician System of the East European Platform (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, parts of Russia, the Ukraine and Moldova). In The Ordovician System of the East European Platform and Tuva (Southeastern Russia) (Webby, B. D., Ross, R. J. & Zhen, Y. Y., eds), IUGS Publication, 28, A, 1–52.
Meidla, T. 1997. Hunneberg Stage. Billingen Stage, Volkhov Stage. Kunda Stage. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A., eds), pp. 58–65. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.
Meidla, T., Ainsaar, L., Hints, L., Hints, O., Martma, T. & Nõlvak, J. 1999. The mid-Caradocian biotic event in the Ordovician of the East Baltic. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Gelogica, 43, 503–506.
Meidla, T., Ainsaar, L. & Hints, O. 2014. The Ordovicin System in Estonia. In 4th Annual Meeting of IGCP 591, The Early to Middle Palaeozoic Revolution. Estonia, 10–19 June 2014. Abstracts & Field Guide (Bauert, H., Hints, O., Meidla, T. & Männik, P., eds), pp. 116–122. Tartu.
Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. 1997. Ordovician and Silurian carbonate sedimentation basin. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A., eds), pp. 192–204. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.
Nõlvak, J., Hints, O., Männik, P. & Pärnaste, H. 2007. Ordovician time scale in Estonia. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 46, Supplement, 351–356.
Öpik, A. 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Kukruse (C2–C3) Stufe in Eesti III. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpat), A18(11), 1–40.
Öpik. A. 1930. Brachiopoda Protremata der Estländischen ordovizischen Kukruse Stufe. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpat), A17, 1–262.
Öpik, A. 1932. Über die Plectellinen. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), A23(3), 1–85.
Öpik, A. 1933a. Über Plectamboniten. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), A24(7), 1–79.
Öpik, A. 1933b. Über einige Dalmanellacea aus Estland. Publications of the Geological Institution of the Universty of Tartu, 32, 1–25.
Öpik, A. 1934. Über Klitamboniten. Publications of the Geological Institution of the University of Tartu, 39, 1–240.
Oraspõld, A. 1956. New brachiopods from the Jõhvi, Keila and Vasalemma stages. ENSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, 1, 41–67 [in Russian].
Oraspõld, A. 1959. Nekotorye predstaviteli nadsemejstva Orthacea iz verkhnego ordovika Éstonii [Some Upper Ordovician representatives of the superfamily Orthacea of Estonia]. Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toimetised, 75, 51–81 [in Russian, with German summary].
Paškevičius, J. 1973. Biostratigrafiya, korrelyatsiya i graptolity ordovikskikh i silurijskikh otlozhenij yuzhnoj Pribaltiki [Biostratigraphy, Correlation and Graptolites of Ordovician and Silurian Deposits of the Southern East Baltic]. Vilnius, 77 pp. [in Russian].
Paškevičius, J. 1997. The Geology of the Baltic Republics. Vilnius University, Geological Survey of Lithuania, Vilnius, 387 pp.
Paškevičius, J. 2000. Brachiopod communities of the Lithuanian facies zone in the Baltic Ordovician Basin. Geologija (Vilnius), 32, 14–35.
Paškevičius, J. 2011. The Ordovician and Graptolites of Lithuania. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 107 pp.
Paškevičius, P. 2016. Peculiarities of the lithology and fauna of the early Katian (Ordovician) in the Lithuanian facies zone. Geologija, Geografija, 2(2), 49–61.
Paškevičius, J. & Hints, L. 2016. New Early Katian species of Leptestiidae and Hesperorthidae (Brachiopoda) from Lithuania. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 65, 75–84.
https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2016.05
Rasmussen, C. M. Ø. & Harper, D. A. T. 2008. Resolving early Mid Ordovician (Kundan) bioevents in the East Baltic based on brachiopods. Geobios, 41, 533–542.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2007.10.006
Rasmussen, C. M. Ø., Hansen, J. & Harper, D. A. T. 2007. Baltica: a mid Ordovician diversity hotspot. Historical Biology, 19, 255–261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960601151744
Rasmussen, C. M. Ø., Ullmann, C. V., Jakobsen, K. G., Lindskog, A., Hansen, J., Hansen, T., Eriksson, M. E., Dronov, A., Frei, R., Korte, C., Nielsen, A. T. & Harper, D. A. T. 2016. Onset of main Phanerozoic marine radiation sparked by emerging Mid Ordovician icehouse. Scientific Reports, 6, 18884.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18884
Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A. (eds). 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn, 436 pp.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1959. Strophomenoidea ordovika i silura Éstonii I, rod Sowerbyell Jones [Ordovician ans Silurian Strophomenoidea of Estonia, genus Sowerbyella]. Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toimetised, 75, 11–47 [in Russian, with German summary].
Rõõmusoks, A. 1964. Nekotorye brakhiopody iz ordovika Éstonii [Some Ordovician brachiopods from Estonia]. Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toimetised, 153, 3–28 [in Russian, with English summary].
Rõõmusoks, A. 1966. Stratigrafiya viruskoj i har´yuskoj serij (ordovik) Severnoj Éstonii [Stratigraphy of the Viru and Harju Series (Ordovician) of Northern Estonia]. A dissertation for the Doctor’s Degree in geological and mineralogical sciences, Manuscript, Moscow–Tartu, 1227 pp. [in Russian].
Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Stratigrafiya viruskoj i har´yuskoj serij (ordovik) Severnoj Éstonii [Stratigraphy of the Viruan and Harjuan Series (Middle Ordovician) in Northern Estonia]. Valgus Publishers, Tallinn, 346 pp. [in Russian].
Rõõmusoks, A. 1981. Ordovician and Silurian Strophomenida of Estonia. III. Strophomenida. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Geoloogia, 30, 61–71 [in Russian, with English summary].
Rõõmusoks, A. 1985. The genera Trigrammaria and Microtrypa (Strophomenidae) in the Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Geoloogia, 34, 133–140.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1991. On the stratigraphy and fauna of the boundary beds between the Pirgu and Porkuni stages of North Estonia. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis, 934, 23–42 [in Russian, with English summary].
Rõõmusoks, A. 2004. Ordovician strophomenoid brachiopods of northern Estonia. Fossilia Baltica, 3, 1–151.
Ropot, V. F. & Pushkin, V. I. 1987. Ordovik Belorussii [Ordovician of Belarus]. Publishers Nauka i Tekhnika, Minsk, 234 pp. [in Russian].
Rubel, M. P. 1961. Brakhiopody nadsemejstv Orthacea, Dalmanellacea i Syntrophiacea iz nizhnego ordovika Pribaltiki [Lower-Ordovician Brachiopods of the superfamilies Orthacea, Dalmanellacea and Syntrophiacea of Eastern Baltic]. ENSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, 6, 141–224 [in Russian].
Rubel, M. 1963. O gonambonitakh (Clitambonitacea, Brach.) nizhnego ordovika Pribaltiki [On Baltic Lower Ordovician Gonambonitids (Clitambonitacea, Brach.)]. ENSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused, 13, 83–108 [in Russian, with English summary].
Rubel, M. 2011. Silurian brachiopods Dictyonellida, Strophomenida, Productida, Orthotetida, Protorthida and Orthida from Estonia. Fossilia Baltica, 4, 1–63.
Rubel, M. & Popov, L. 1994. Brachiopods of the subfamily Atelelasmatinae (Clitambonitacea) from the Arenig, Ordovician, of the Baltic Klint area. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 43, 192–202.
Rubel, M. & Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Brakhiopody [Brachiopods]. In Silurian of Estonia (Kaljo, D. L., ed.), pp. 139–150. Valgus, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Rubel, M. & Wright, A. D. 2000. Clitambonitidina. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 3: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) (Kaesler, R. L., ed.), pp. 692–706. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Rubel, M., Musteikis, P. & Popov, L. 1984. Systematic List of East Baltic Silurian Brachiopods. Preprint, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 36 pp. [in Russian].
Schmidt, F. 1958. Untersuchungen über die silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Archiv für Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands. Erste Serie. Mineralogische Wissenschaften, bebst Chemie, Physik und Erdbeschriebung. Zweiter Band. Druck von Heinrich Laakmann, Dorpat. 248 pp.
Schmidt, F. 1881. Revision der ostbaltischen silurischen Trilobiten nebstgeognostischer Übersicht des ostbaltischen Silurgebiets. Abt. I: Phacopiden, Cheiruriden und Encrinuriden. Mémoires de l´Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg, sér. 7, 30(1), 1–238.
Schmidt, F. 1907. Revision der ostbaltischen silurischen Trilobiten. Abt. VI. Allgemeine Übersicht mit Nachträgen und Verbesserungen. Mémoires de l´Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg, sér 8, 20(8), 1–104.
Taylor, P. D. & Ernst, A. 2004. Bryozoans. In The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G., eds), pp. 147–156. Columbia University Press, New York.
https://doi.org/10.7312/webb12678-017
Tinn, O. 1998. The Ordovician Clitambonitidine brachiopod genus Vellamo in Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 47, 195–216.
Törnquist, S. L. 1883. Öfversigt öfver bergbygnaden inom Siljansområdet i Dalarne, med hänsyn företrädesvis fäst vid dess paleozoiska lag. Med en öfversigtskarta. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C, 57, 1–59.
Tychsen, A. & Harper, D. A. T. 2004. Ordovician–Silurian distribution of Orthida (Palaeozoic Brachiopoda) in the Greater Iapetus Ocean Region. Palaeontologia Electronica, 7(3), 1–15.
Ulst, R. Z., Gailite, L. K. & Yakovleva, V. I. 1982. Ordovician of Latvia [Ordovik Latvii]. Zinatne, Riga, 294 pp. [in Russian].
Walcott, C. 1912. Cambrian Brachiopoda. United States Geological Survey, Monographs, 51, part I, 1–812, part II, 1–363.
Warburg, E. 1910. Geological description of Nittsjo and its environs in Dalarna. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 32, 425–450.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11035891009443107
Webby, B. D. 2004. Introduction. In The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G., eds), pp. 1–37. Columbia Universty Press.
Williams, A. 1976. Plate tectonics and biofacies as factors in Ordovician correlation. In The Ordovician System (Bassett, M. G., ed.), pp. 29–66. University of Wales Press & National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
Williams, A. & Carlson, S. J. 2000. Class Rhynchonellata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 3: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) (Kaesler, R. L. ed.), pp. 708–840. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Williams, A. & Harper, D. A. T. 2000. Orthidina. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H: Brachiopoda, Revised. Volume 3: Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) (Kaesler, R. L., ed.), pp. 714–782. The Geological Society of America, Inc. & The University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas.
Wright, A. D. 1976. Rotten Shells. The Queens’s University of Belfast, privately printed, 26 pp.
Zhan, R.-B., Jin, J., Zhang, Y.-D. & Yuan, W.-W. 2008. The great Ordovician radiation of marine life: examples from South China. Progress in Natural Science, 18, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2007.07.004
Zuykov, M. A. 1999. Platystrophia (Orthida, Brachiopoda) from the Arenig and lowermost Llanvirn of northwestern Russia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 48, 195–212.
