EAP - Oil Shale publications

PUBLISHED
SINCE 1984

Oil Shale

ISSN 1736-7492 (Electronic)
ISSN 0208-189X (Print)

Open Access Journal

CiteScore: 2.6

Impact Factor (2022): 1.9

PROGRESS IN EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF OIL SHALE IN CHINA; pp. 285–304

PDF | https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2019.2.03

Authors

YINBO XU, PINGCHANG SUN, SHUQING YAO, ZHAOJUN LIU, XUEMEI TIAN, FENG LI, Jiaqiang Zhang

Abstract

The huge oil shale resources in China have gradually attracted widespread attention due to the shortage of oil and gas resources in the country and the rapid recovery of world oil prices. A nationwide prospecting survey of oil shale in China was conducted for the first time during a period from 2003 to 2006, reporting on around 719.9 billion tons of oil shale. After that, many large oil shale deposits have been discovered in the country, and the exploration of oil shale is flourishing. Although the total shale oil production from oil shale of China has been fluctuating due to the low world oil prices in recent years, it, in general, has rapidly increased since 2006 and reached the highest annual production of 8.3 × 10⁵ tons in 2015. At present, there are six oil shale production bases in operation in China, and two sets of pilot experiments carried out on oil shale in-situ conversion technology have preliminarily proved to be successful. A green industrial chain including refinery, power generation and building materials production from oil shale in oil shale enterprises has been formed due to the high added value and environmentally friendly impact of oil shale from this chain. Moreover, new insights were gained into the genesis of terrestrial oil shale in China and the characterization of deep lake, shallow lake and limnetic deposited oil shale. These theoretical breakthroughs further enriched the genesis theory of oil shale in continental basins. Although considerable progress has been made in China in the oil shale field both industrially and academically, more work needs to be done to establish a representative oil shale metallogenic model and to accurately evaluate oil shale for its development potential.

References

1. Liu, Z. J., Yang, H. L., Dong, Q. S., Zhu, J. W., Guo, W., Ye, S. Q., Liu, R., Meng, Q. T., Zhang, H. L., Gan, S. C. Oil Shale in China. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, 2009, 343 pp (in Chinese with English abstract).

2. Brendow, K. Global oil shale issues and perspectives. Oil Shale, 2003, 20(1), 81‒92.

3. Dyni, J. R. Geology and Resources of Some World Oil-Shale Deposits. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5294, 2006, 42 pp.
https://doi.org/10.3133/sir29955294

4. China Coal Industry Ministry. Coal Forecasting Map of Province in China. China Coal Industry Publishing House, Beijing, 1959, 68 pp (in Chinese).

5. Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas Resources, MLR. National Oil Shale Resource Evaluation. China Land Press, Beijing, 2010, 511 pp (in Chinese).

6. Liu, Z. J., Meng, Q. T., Dong, Q. S., Zhu, J. W., Guo, W., Ye, S. Q., Liu, R., Jia, J. L. Characteristics and resource potential of oil shale in China. Oil Shale, 2017, 34(1), 15‒41.
https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2017.1.02

7. Zhang, J. Q., Liu, Z. X., Qian, J. L., Liu, Z. J., Li, S. Y., Zhu, J. W., Wang, D. J., Wang, J. Q., Chen, H. J., Meng, Q. T., Xu, S. C., Liu, Z., Wen, Z. L., Zhang, X. A., Zhang, Y. X., Liu, R. The Feasibility of Developing the Oil Shale Industry in China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 2010, 169 pp (in Chinese).

8. Guo, W. X., Wen, Z. L., Liu, J. M. Oil Shale Deposits in Jilin Province. Changchun, Jilin Science and Technology Publishing House, 2013, 202 pp (in Chinese).

9. Xu, Y. B., Li, F., Shan, Y. S. Investigation and Evaluation of Oil Shale Resources in Key Areas in China. Oil and Gas Survey, China Geological Survey, Beijing, 2017, 221 pp (in Chinese).

10. Wang, S. H., Hu, X. Determining a method of the oil-shale open-cut mining boundary in Liushuhe Basin. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2015, 34(4), 163‒167 (in Chinese with English abstract).

11. Liu, Z. W., Wang, B. C., Zheng, Y. L., Chi, H. J., Wang, Z. G. Characteristics of oil shale in Wulin prospecting area in Liushuhe Basin, Heilongjiang Province. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2010, 29(6), 34‒38 (in Chinese with English abstract).

12. Liu, Z. W. Characteristics and Formation Environment of Oil Shale in the Main Basins in the North of Northeast China. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 2008 (in Chinese with English abstract).

13. Tao, S., Xu, Y. B., Tang, D. Z., Xu, H., Li, S., Chen, S. D., Liu, W. B., Cui, Y., Gou, M. F. Geochemistry of the Shitoumei oil shale in the Santanghu Basin, Northwest China: implications for paleoclimate conditions, weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2017, 184, 42‒56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.11.007

14. Tao, S., Shan, Y. S., Tang, D. Z., Xu, H., Li, S., Cui, Y. Mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry of Shichanggou oil shales, Jimusaer, Southern Junggar Basin, China: implications for provenance, palaeoenvironment and tectonic setting. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2016, 146, 432‒445.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.06.014

15. Li, L., Liu, Z. J., Meng, Q. T., Sun, P. C. Geochemical Characteristics and Palaeolimnology Environment of Oil Shale of the Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in the Yuqia Area of the Qaidam Basin. China Sedimentological Congress, Jiaozuo, 2016, 43‒44 ( in Chinese).

16. Xu, C., Meng, Q. T., Liu, Z. J., Sun, P. C., Li, F., Bai, Y. Y. Industrial characteristics and development prospect of oil shale in Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in Yuqia area of northern margin of Qaidam Basin. Global Geology, 2017, 36(3), 871‒879 (in Chinese with English abstract).

17. Wang, J. X., Liu, Z. J., Sun, P. C., Bai, Y. Y., Deng, S. Types and mineralizing differences for Middle Jurassic oil shale in Yuqia region of north margin in Qaidam Basin. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2017, 36(4), 168‒174 (in Chinese with English abstract).

18. Wang, K. B., Meng, Q. T., Liu, Z. J., Sun, P. C., Xu, Y. B., Bai, Y. Y. Rare earth element geochemical characteristics and geological significance of shale member in Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in Yuqia area of northern margin of Qaidam Basin. Global Geology, 2017, 36(3), 862‒870, 879 (in Chinese with English abstract).

19. Li, Z., Xu, Y. B. Lithological and geochemistry characteristics of oil shale in the Cretaceous Qingshankou formation, northern Songliao Basin. China Mining Magazine, 2017, 26(s1), 319‒325, 337 (in Chinese with English abstract).

20. Li, F., Zhang, L., Xu, Y. B., Tong, L. H. Oil shale feature and metallogenic conditions of Songliao Basin on upper Cretaceous Nenjiang formation. China Mining Magazine, 2016, 25(s1), 296‒300 (in Chinese with English abstract).

21. Song, Y., Liu, Z. J., Groß, D., Meng, Q. T., Xu, Y. B., Li, S. F. Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous oil-prone coal and host rocks from the Laoheishan Basin, northeast China. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2018, 191, 7‒23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.02.018

22. Song, Y., Liu, Z. J., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Groß, D., Meng, Q. T. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the coal- and oil shale-bearing interval in the lower Cretaceous Muling Formation, Laoheishan Basin, northeast China. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2017, 172, 1‒18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.01.010

23. Song, Y., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Groß, D., Liu, Z. J., Meng, Q. T. Depositional environment of the Lower Cretaceous Muling Formation of the Laoheishan Basin (NE China): Implications from geochemical and petrological analyses. Org. Geochem., 2017, 104, 19‒34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.11.008

24. Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Du, A. D., Wang, Z. J., Chen, W. X. Organic geochemistry and Re-Os dating of marine oil shale in Shenglihe area, northern Tibet, China. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2017, 12(3), 21‒26 (in Chinese with English abstract).

25. Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Li, Z. X., Xiong, S. Formation and significance of the oil shales from the north Qiangtang Basin. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 2010, 30(3), 11‒17 (in Chinese with English abstract).

26. Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Li, Z. X., Wu, T., He, J. L. Discovery of the Shenglihe-Changsheshan oil shale belt in the Qiangtang basin, northern Tibet, China and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 2009, 28(6), 691‒695 (in Chinese with English abstract).

27. Fu, X. G., Wang, J., Wang, Z. J., Chen, W. X. Biomarkers and sedimentary environment of Late Jurassic marine oil shale in Qiangtang basin, northern Xizang and its geological significance. Geochimica, 2007, 36(5), 486‒496 (in Chinese with English abstract).

28. Zeng, S. Q., Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Feng, X. L., Chen, W. B., Sun, W. Characteristics and formation condition of the Cretaceous marine oil shale in the Qiangtang Basin. Geological Review, 2014, 60(2), 449‒463 (in Chinese with English abstract).

29. Zeng, S. Q., Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Feng, X. L., Sun, W. Hydrocarbon generation potential and sedimentary environment for the source rocks along the Changshe Mountain oil shale section in North Qiangtang Basin. Geology in China, 2013, 40(6), 1861‒1871 (in Chinese with English abstract).

30. He, J. L., Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Sun, T., Shen, J. N. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Shengli River oil shale in Qiangtang Basin, Northern Tibet, China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2010, 28(3), 626‒634 (in Chinese with English abstract).

31. Fu, X. G., Wang, J., Wang, Z. J., He, J. L. Characteristics of kerogens and their carbon isotope implications for the Shengli River oil shale in Qiangtang Basin, Northern Tibet. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2009, 30(5), 643‒650 (in Chinese with English abstract).

32. Wang, Z. J., Wang, J., Chen, W. X., Fu, X. G. Discovery of the Late Jurassic Shenglihe marine oil shale in the northern Qiangtang basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geological Bulletin of China, 2007, 26(6), 764‒768 (in Chinese with English abstract).

33. Fu, X. G., Wang, J., Wang, Z. J., Chen, W. X. Marine oil shale depositional environment of Qiangtang Basin in Northern Tibet. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2007, 28(5), 529‒533 (in Chinese with English abstract).

34. Xie, S. K., Du, B. W., Wang, J., Dong, Y. Geochemical characteristics of oil shale member of Dingqinghu Formation in Lunpola Basin of Tibet and their geological implications. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2014, 33(3), 503‒510 (in Chinese with English abstract).

35. Xie, S. K., Du, B. W., Wang, J., Peng, Q. H., Zheng, B. Characteristics and distribution rule of oil shale in Lunpola Basin, Tibet. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2014, 44(6), 1760‒1767 (in Chinese with English abstract).

36. Xie, S. K., Du, B. W., Wang, J. Characteristics and geological implications of rare earth element of oil shale in Lunpola Basin, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2015, 34(2), 57‒62 (in Chinese with English abstract).

37. Hou, X. L. Shale Oil Industry in China. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, 1984, 302 pp (in Chinese).

38. Qian, J. L., Wang, J. Q., Li, S. Y. World oil shale development & utilization trends. Report on 27th International Oil Shale Conference in America. Sino-Global Energy, 2008, 13(1), 11‒15 (in Chinese with English abstract).

39. Ma, Y., Li, S. Y., Teng, J. S., Qian, J. L. Global oil shale research, development and utilization today ‒ Oil Shale Symposium held in US in 2015. Sino-Global Energy, 2016, 21(1), 21‒26 (in Chinese with English abstract).

40. Sun, P. C., Liu, Z. J., Bai, Y. Y., Xu, Y. B., Liu, R., Meng, Q. T., Hu, F. Accumulation stages and evolution characteristics of oil shale and coal in the Dunhua-Mishan Fault Zone, Northeast China. Oil Shale, 2016, 33(3), 203‒215.
https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2016.3.01

41. Zhao, J. M. Method and Process for Extracting Shale Oil and Gas by Fracturing and Chemical Retorting in Oil Shale In‒Situ Horizontal Well. U.S. Patent: 9,784,086, B2, 2017‒10‒10.

42. Sun, Y. H., Bai, F. T., Along, B., Li, Q., Liu, B. C., Guo, W., Guo, M. Y., Hou, C. B., Wang, Q. W., Gao, K. A Method of In Situ Oil Shale Local Chemical Extraction of Shale Oil and Gas. CN 103790563 B, 2014‒5‒14 (in Chinese).

43. Deng, S. H. Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Organic Matter from Oil Shale Lumps. PhD Thesis, Jilin University, Changchun, 2013 (in Chinese with English abstract).

44. Yang, Y. Theoretical and Experimental Research of Oil Shale In‒situ Pyrolysis by High Voltage‒power Frequency Electrical Heating Method. PhD Thesis, Jilin University, Changchun, 2014 (in Chinese with English abstract).

45. Bai, F. T. Theoretical and Experimental Research of Oil Shale Pyrolysis Triggered by Topochemical Heat. PhD Thesis, Jilin University, Changchun, 2015 (in Chinese with English abstract).

46. Zhao, Y. S., Feng, Z. C., Yang, D., Liu, S. Y., Sun, K. M., Zhao, J. Z., Guan, K. W. A Method to Get Oil and Gas by Convection Heating. CN 1676870 A, 2005‒10‒5 (in Chinese).

47. Zhao, Y. S., Yang, D., Guan, K. W., Liu, S. Y., Liang, W. G., Feng, Z. C., Kang, Z. Q. A Method to Get Oil and Gas from Oil Shale by High Temperature Hydrocarbon Gas. CN 101122226, 2008‒2‒13 (in Chinese).

48. Zhao, L., Yang, D., Kang, Z. Q., Zhao, Y. S. Gas generation law of oil shale heated by superheated steam. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 2015, 46(3), 323‒326 (in Chinese with English abstract).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-013-2139-2

49. Bao, W. W., Zou, H. F., Gan, S. C., Xu, X. C., Ji, G. J., Zheng, K. Y. Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by zeolite based on oil shale ash: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Chem. Res. Chinese U., 2013, 29(1), 126‒131.

50. Ji, G. J., Yang, C. M., Gan, S. C., Wu, X. M., Wang, Z. G. Production of Portland cement with oil shale ash. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2012, 42(4), 1173‒1178 (in Chinese with English abstract).

51. Wang, Z. X., Wang, X. L., Shi, C. L. Mortar test on cement mixing material with oil shale ash. Journal of Beihua University (Natural Science), 2016, 17(4), 545‒548 (in Chinese with English abstract).

52. Zhang, S. Q., Kong, F. F., Wang, S., Zhang, M. L., Wang, P., Wang, Z. Preparation of hollow ceramic microspheres by oil shale ash and discussion on its mechanism. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2017, 36(12), 4211‒4216 (in Chinese with English abstract).

53. Gan, S. C., Yang, C. M., Xu, J. J., Lai, Y. W., Li, G. H., Xiao, G. S. Preparation and property analysis of artificial marble from oil shale ash. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2011, 41(3), 879‒884 (in Chinese with English abstract).

54. Zhou, J. M., Niu, X. C. Sources and utilization of oil shale residue. Journal of Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2013, 23(1), 11‒14 (in Chinese with English abstract).

55. Cao, C. L., Pan, Y., Wang, X., Zhou, G. X., Gong, K., Wang, Y. B., Yang, S. C. Research progress of comprehensive utilization technologies for oil shale ash. Energy Chemical Industry, 2015, 36(2), 39‒42 (in Chinese with English abstract).

56. Tan, L. Q., Hu, X. H., Yu, M., Zhou, J. M. Research progress of application of oil shale residue. Chemical Engineer, 2016, 30(10), 44‒47 (in Chinese with English abstract).

57. Liu, Z. J., Sun, P. C., Liu, R., Meng, Q. T., Hu, F. Genetic types and deposits feature of oil shale in continental basin in China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2016, 18(4), 525‒534 (in Chinese with English abstract).

58. Sun, P. C. Environmental Dynamics of Organic Accumulation in the Oil Shale Bearing Layers in the Upper Cretaceous, Southeast Songliao Basin (NE China). PhD Thesis, Changchun, Jilin University, 208 pp (in Chinese with English abstract).

59. Jia, J. L. Research on the Recognition and Resource Evaluation of the Upper Creaceous Oil Shale Based on Geochemistry‒Geophysics Technique in the Songliao Basin (NE, China). PhD Thesis, Changchun, Jilin University, 167 pp (in Chinese with English abstract).

60. Xu, J. J., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Liu, Z. J., Gratzer, R., Meng, Q. T., Song, Y. High resolution geochemical analysis of organic matter accumulation in the Qingshankou Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Songliao Basin (NE China). Int. J. Coal Geol., 2015, 141‒142, 23‒32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.03.003

61. Xu, J. J., Liu, Z. J., Bechtel, A., Meng, Q. T., Sun, P. C., Jia, J. L., Cheng, L. J., Song, Y. Basin evolution and oil shale deposition during Upper Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin (NE China): Implications from sequence stratigraphy and geochemistry. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2015, 149, 9‒23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.07.005

62. Strobl, S. A. I., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Bechtel, A., Gratzer, R., Gross, D., Bokhari, S. N. H., Liu, R., Liu, Z. J., Meng, Q. T., Sun, P. C. Depositional environment of oil shale within the Eocene Jijuntun Formation in the Fushun Basin (NE China). Mar. Petrol. Geol., 2014, 56, 166‒183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.04.011

63. Xu, Y. B., Liu, R., Liu, Z. J., Sun, P. C., Wang, J. P., Yao, S. Q., Hu, X. F., Zhao, H. Q. Deposition evolution and enrichment pattern of organic matter of the Meihe Formation in the Paleogene, Meihe Basin. J. China Coal Soc., 2013, 38(11), 2007‒2016.

64. Strobl, S. A. I., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Bechtel, A., Meng, Q. T., Sun, P. C. Deposition of coal and oil shale in NE China: The Eocene Huadian Basin compared to the coeval Fushun Basin. Mar. Petrol. Geol., 2015, 64, 347‒362.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.03.014

65. Sun, P. C., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Liu, Z. J., Strobl, S. A. I., Meng, Q. T., Liu, R., Zhen, Z. Organic matter accumulation in the oil shale- and coal-bearing Huadian Basin (Eocene; NE China). Int. J. Coal Geol., 2013, 105, 1‒15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.11.009

66. Liu, D. Q., Liu, R., Liu, Z. J., Hu, X. F., Sun, P. C., Yang, X. H., Xu, Y. B. Organic geochemical characteristics and geological significance of oil shales in Dalazi Formation of Luozigou Basin. Global Geology, 2012, 31(2), 315‒322 (in Chinese with English abstract).

67. Wang, D. D., Li, Z. X., Wang, Z. F., Lv, D. W., Liu, H. Y., Wang, P. L., Zheng, X., Lv, Y. L., Lin, X. W. Paleogene coal and oil shale paragenetic features and sequence stratigraphic framework in Yilan Basin, Heilongjiang. Coal Geology of China, 2013, 25(12), 1‒7 (in Chinese with English abstract).

68. Liu, R., Liu, Z. J., Liu, S. Y., Liu, D. Q., Li, B. Y., Yang, X. H., Xu, Y. B. Coal and oil shale occurrence characteristics and metallogenic regularity in Yilan Basin. Journal of China Coal Society, 2012, 37(5), 776‒781 (in Chinese with English abstract).

69. Liu, Z. X., Zhang, X. G., Ma, T., Ge, Z., Dai, H, Z. Ore-forming models and types of oil shale in Dalianhe formation in Yilan Basin. Geology in China, 2013, 40(6), 1872‒1879 (in Chinese with English abstract).

70. Lv, D. W., Li, Z. X., Liu, H. Y., Li, Y., Feng, T. T., Wang, D. D., Wang, P. L., Li, S. Y. The characteristics of coal and oil shale in the coastal sea areas of Huangxian coalfield, Eastern China. Oil Shale, 2015, 32(3), 204‒217.
https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2015.3.02

71. Lv, D. W., Wu, X. Y., Li, Z. X., Feng, T. T., Liu, H. Y., Wang, D. D., Zhao, L. Y. Sedimentary mechanism in the coal and oil shale bearing succession graben basins: The comparison between Fushun and Huangxian Basins, eastern China. The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal, 2015, 8, 385‒391.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874834101508010385

72. Lv, D. W., Wang, D. D., Li, Z. X., Liu, H. Y., Li, Y. Depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary mineralization mechanism in the coal bed- and oil shale-bearing succession: A case from the Paleogene Huangxian Basin of China. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 2017, 148, 32‒51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.09.028

73. Bai, Y. L., Wu, W. J., Fang, N. Z., Cheng, Y. H., Ma, Y. H., Feng, M., Liao, J. B., Li, X. B. The resource characteristics of oil shale and analysis of condition of prospecting and using in Minhe-Xining Basin, west of China. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2006, 17(5), 627‒633 (in Chinese with English abstract).

74. Bechtel, A., Jia, J. L., Strobl, S. A. I., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Liu, Z. J., Gratzer, R., Püttmann, W. Palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the Upper Cretaceous oil shale sequences in the Songliao Basin (NE China): implications from geochemical analyses. Org. Geochem., 2012, 46, 76‒95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.02.003

75. Tao, S., Tang, D. Z., Xu, H., Liang, J. L., Shi, X. F. Organic geochemistry and elements distribution in Dahuangshan oil shale, southern Junggar Basin: Origin of organic matter and depositional environment. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2013, 115, 41‒51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.05.004

76. Xie, X. M., Borjigin, T., Zhang, Q. Z., Zhang, Z. R., Qin, J. Z., Bian, L. Z., Volkman, J. K. Intact microbial fossils in the Permian Lucaogou Formation oil shale, Junggar Basin, NW China. Int. J. Coal Geol., 2015, 146, 166‒178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.05.011

77. Cao, H. S., Shan, X. L., Sun, P. C., Chi, H. Z., Du, S. Geochemical characteristics of oil shale in the Triassic Chang7 subsection, southern Ordos basin, China, and palaeo-environment reconstruction. Neues Jb. Miner. Abh., 2016, 193, 45‒57.
https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/2015/0291

78. Sun, P. C., Liu, Q. J., Meng, Q. T., Liu, R., Gu, J. L., Hu, X. F. Effect of the basin‒fill features on oil shale formation in Paleogene, Huadian Basin. Journal of China Coal Society, 2011, 36(7), 1110‒1116 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Back to Issue