The in situ heater, a pivotal component for oil shale heating, is prone to deformation at underground temperatures of up to 450 °C. While lab experiments with optical fiber technology can monitor deformation at temperatures up to 1100 °C, low-pressure tolerance and complex manufacturing hinder its underground application. Current downhole monitoring systems are limited to 300 °C for temperature and 100 °C for deformation, which are insufficient for oil shale conditions. A dedicated online monitoring system for in situ heaters is still lacking. Leveraging the precision and reliability of linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) technology, we designed a real-time deformation monitoring system. Indoor simulations mimicking oil shale environments indicate LVDT’s capability of monitoring up to 480 °C. The system mounts an LVDT unit, encapsulated in vacuum insulation, onto heaters, and then inserts them into horizontal sections via tubing. This design offers a valuable reference for the design and monitoring of in situ heaters in oil shale wells.
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