Combustion temperature of oil shale in pulverized fuel boilers and in fluidized bed combustion equipment is different. High temperature burnt oil shale from pulverized combustion boilers and low temperature burnt oil shale from a CFB (Circulating Fluidized Bed) boiler differ in their mineral composition and surface properties of ash particles. Variations in the properties of ashes affect hydraulic properties of burnt oil shale as a binder or as the main constituent of Portland cement. Differences in the frost resistance of concretes made with various second main constituents show how significant is the type of hydration of the second main constituent in terms of the durability. Alternate immersion-drying tests were carried out to analyze the frost resistance of concretes compared to the other main constituents.
The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of various burnt oil shales as the main constituent of Portland cement on the durability of concrete compared to the main constituent such as pulverized limestone.
1. Hooton, R. D., Thomas, M. D. A. The Use of Limestone in Portland Cements: Effect on Thaumasite Form of Sulfate Attack // Portland Cement Association R&D 2002. Serial No. 2658. P. 1–9.
2. Lee, S. T., Hooton, R. D., Jung, H. S., Park, D. H., Choi, C. S. Effect of limestone filler on the deterioration of mortars and pastes exposed to sulfate solutions at ambient temperature // Cement Concrete Res. 2008. Vol. 38, No. 1. P. 68–76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.003
3. Tosun, K., Felekoglu, B., Baradan, B., Altun, A. Effects of limestone replacement ratio on the sulfate resistance of Portland limestone cement mortars exposed to extraordinary high sulfate concentrations // Constr. Build. Mater. 2009. Vol. 23, No. 7. P. 2534–2544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.039
4. Tsivilis, S., Batis, G., Chaniotakis, E., Grigoriadis, G., Theodossis, D. Properties and behavior of limestone cement concrete and mortar // Cement Concrete Res. 2000. Vol. 30, No. 10. P. 1679–1683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00372-0
5. Tsivilis, S., Tsantilas, J., Kakali, G., Chaniotakis, E., Sakellariou, A. The permeability of Portland limestone cement concrete // Cement Concrete Res. 2003. Vol. 33, No. 9. P. 1465–1471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00092-9
6. Voglis, N., Kakali, G., Chaniotakis, E., Tsivilis, S. Portland-limestone cements. Their properties and hydration compared to those of other composite cements // Cement Concrete Comp. 2005. Vol. 27, No. 2. P. 191–196.
7. Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., Glasser, F. P. The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration // Cement Concrete Res. 2007. Vol. 37, No. 4. P. 551–558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.013
8. Raado, L., Nurm, V. Properties of fluidized bed burnt oil shale ashes // ESCS European Symposium on Service Life and Serviceability of Concrete Structures / A. Sarja (Ed.). Espoo: Concrete Association of Finland, 2006. P. 200–205.
9. Raado, L., Nurm, V. Burnt oil shale – main constituent of Portland cement // CESB Proceedings / V. Sruma, Z. Srumova (Eds.). Prague: Czech Sustainable Building Society, 2007. Vol. 2. P. 746–751.
10. Kikas, V., Ojaste, K., Raado, L. Ursache und Wirkungsweise der Alkalireaktion in den aus estnischem Portlandölschieferzement hergestellten Betonen // ZKG Int. 1999. Vol. 52, No. 2. P. 106–111.
