Seasonal field investigations of the distribution and abundance of four ixodid tick species in the urban area of St. Petersburg and of their host species – small, medium-sized, and large vertebrates – were carried out in 2006–2010. A total of 27 sites in this area were studied. Stable populations of ixodid ticks were present in forests near the Morskaya railway station, in the Lake Razliv region, the Northern and Southern cemeteries, and the Rzhevskij and Nevskij forest parks. These areas are most dangerous for people. The largest number of the ticks Ixodes persulcatus in St. Petersburg was 18 adults per 1 dragging hour (in the forest near Lake Razliv).
Antykova, L. P., Tokarevich, N. K., Stoyanova, N. A., Bychkova, E. M. & Kudina, M. V. 2006. Results of monitoring under encephalitis in St. Petersburg. In Infektsionnye bolezni (Lobzin, Yu. V., ed.), pp. 25–26. VmedA, St. Petersburg (in Russian).
Daniel, M. & Černý, V. 1990. Occurrence of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) under the conditions of anthropopressure. Folia Parasitol., 37, 183–186.
Ephremova, G. A. & Yakovich, M. M. 2009. Some species of ixodid ticks in Minsk. Vestnik Mordovskogo Universiteta, 1, 82–84 (in Russian).
Filippova, N. A. 1977. Ixodid Ticks (Ixodinae). Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
Gern, L., Rouvinez, E. & Toutoungi, L. N. 1997. Transmission cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involving Ixodes ricinus and I. hexagonus ticks and the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, in suburban and urban areas in Switzerland. Folia Parasitol., 44(4), 309–314.
Junttila, J., Peltomaa, M. & Soini, H. 1999. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus ticks in urban recreational areas of Helsinki. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37, 1361–1365.
Romanenko, V. N. 2002. Ecological conditions for ticks in a big city. Ekologiya, bioraznoobrazie i znachenie krovososushchikh nasekomykh i kleshchej ekosistem Rossii (in Russian).
Smyslova, T. O., Antykova, L. P. & Vershynsky, B. V. 1989. Distribution of ixodid ticks and encephalitis pestholes in Leningrad. Trudy NIIEM im. Pastera, ‘Tickborn encephalitis’, 40–49 (in Russian).
Vansulin, S. A. & Malakhov, I. V. 1974. Ixodid ticks in the resort zone of Leningrad. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni, 2, 94–95 (in Russian).
Vansulin, S. A., Smyslova, T. O. & Solina, L. T. 1981. Distribution of the tick Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae) in the resort zone of Leningrad. Parazitologiya, 15(6), 498–505 (in Russian).
Vershynsky, B. V., Kuznetsova, R. I. & Zolotov, P. E. 1972. Characteristics of encephalitis pestholes in Leningrad region. Trudy Instituta Epidemiologii i Mikrobiologii, 41, 76–87 (in Russian).
Vershynsky, B. V., Antykova, L. P. & Smyslova, T. O. 1988. Epidemiological supervision for the pesthole of encephalitis in the recreational zone of a big city. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni, 3, 12–17 (in Russian).
