ESTONIAN ACADEMY
PUBLISHERS
eesti teaduste
akadeemia kirjastus
cover
Estonian Journal of Ecology
Cool winters versus mild winters: effects on spring plankton in Lake Peipsi; pp. 163–183
PDF | doi: 10.3176/eco.2010.3.01

Authors
Reet Laugaste, Juta Haberman, Kätlin Blank
Abstract
The influence of two winter periods with a different duration of the ice cover on Lake Peipsi (Estonia) on plankton and nutrient content was analysed. The winters of 2005 and 2006 were cold with ice duration of 140 days, whereas the winters of 2007 and 2008 were mild with about 50 and 15 days of ice duration, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) concentration was lower, while silicon content and the nitrogen–phosphorus ratio (TN : TP) were markedly higher in the springs after the short winters of 2007 and 2008. The high Si concentration and TN : TP ratio persisted throughout the growing season of those years. Unicellular centric diatoms showed a sharp increase in April 2008, while the large filiform diatom Aulacoseira islandica dominated in the cool winters and after ice break-up. The high spring peak of diatoms was followed by their low biomass in summer. In May 2008, total zooplankton biomass, cladoceran biomass, and rotifer biomass were two times and that of copepods three times as high as in the Mays after the long-lasting ice cover. In the Junes after the mild winters the biomasses of total zooplankton and both crustacean groups (Cladocera, Copepoda) were about two times as high as the corresponding indicators for the Junes after the cool winters. The biomass of rotifers, on the contrary, was two times lower in the Junes after the warm winters because the numerous cold stenotherms Polyarthra dolichoptera and Synchaeta verrucosa had totally disappeared from zooplankton. The influence of ice duration on phyto­plankton is most likely indirect, acting through nutrients, and on zooplankton direct, acting through water temperatures. The springs after warm winters related positively to zooplankters’ mean weight, zooplankton–phytoplankton biomass ratio, and the timing of the clear water period.
References

Adrian, R. & Deneke, R. 1996. Possible impact of mild winters on zooplankton succession in eutrophic lakes of the Atlantic European area. Freshwater Biol., 36, 757-770.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1996.00126.x

Adrian, R., Walz, N., Hintze, T., Hoeg, S. & Rusche, R. 1999. Effects of ice duration on plankton succession during spring in a shallow polymictic lake. Freshwater Biol., 41, 621-632.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00411.x

Adrian, R., Wilhelm, S. & Gerten, D. 2006. Life-history traits of lake plankton species may govern their phenological response to climate warming. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 652–661.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01125.x

Andronikova, I. N. 1996. Structural and Functional Organization of Zooplankton in Lake Ecosystems of Different Trophic Status. Nauka, St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Berger, S. A., Diehl, S., Stibor, H., Trommer, G., Ruhenstroth, M., Wild, A., Weigert, A., Jäger, C. G. & Striebel, M. 2007. Water temperature and mixing depth affect timing and magnitude of events during spring succession of the plankton. Oecologia, 150, 643–654.
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0550-9

Blank, K., Haberman, J., Haldna, M. & Laugaste, R. 2009. Effect of winter conditions on spring nutrient concentrations and plankton in a large shallow Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia). Aquat. Ecol., 43, 745–753.
doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9283-2

Blank, K., Laugaste, R. & Haberman, J. 2010. Temporal and spatial variation in the zoo­plankton : phytoplankton biomass ratio in a large shallow lake. Estonian J. Ecol., 59, 99–115.
doi:10.3176/eco.2010.2.02

Chen, C. Y. & Folt, C. L. 2002. Ecophysiological responses to warming events by two sympatric zooplankton species. J. Plankton Res., 6, 579–589.
doi:10.1093/plankt/24.6.579

George, D. G., Maberly, S. C. & Hewitt, D. P. 2004. The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of four lakes in the English Lake District. Freshwater Biol., 49, 760–774.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01223.x

Gerten, D. & Adrian, R. 2000. Climate-driven changes in spring plankton dynamics and the sensitivity of shallow polymictic lakes to North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 10581066.
doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.5.1058

Gerten, D. & Adrian, R. 2002. Effects of climate warming, North Atlantic Oscillation, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on thermal conditions and plankton dynamics in northern hemispheric lakes. Sci. World J., 2, 586–606.

Haberman, J. 1995. Dominant rotifers of Võrtsjärv (Estonia). Hydrobiologia, 313/314, 313-317.
doi:10.1007/BF00025963

Haberman, J. 2001. Zooplankton. In Lake Peipsi: Flora and Fauna (Pihu, E. & Haberman, J., eds), pp. 50-68. Sulemees Publishers, Tartu.

Haberman, J. & Künnap, H. 2002. Mean zooplankter weight as a characteristic feature of an aquatic ecosystem. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol., 51, 26–44.

Haberman, J. & Laugaste, R. 2003. On characteristics reflecting the trophic state of large and shallow Estonian lakes (L. Peipsi, L. Võrtsjärv). Hydrobiologia, 506/509, 737–744.
doi:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008572.77431.1b

Haberman, J., Virro, T. & Krikmann, K. 2008. Zooplankton. In Peipsi (Haberman, J., Timm, T. & Raukas, A., eds), pp. 271-290. Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu.

Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y. & Visbeck, M. 2001. The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science, 291, 603-608.
doi:10.1126/science.1058761

Ibneeva, N. I. 1983. Exploitation of food resources by planktophagous fishes in Lake Peipsi-Pihkva. Sb. nauchn. tr. GosNIORKh, 209, 44-50 (in Russian).

Irigoien, X., Harris, R. P., Head, R. N. & Harbour, D. 2000. North Atlantic Oscillation and spring bloom phytoplankton composition in the English Channel. J. Plankton Res., 22, 2367-2371.
doi:10.1093/plankt/22.12.2367

Jaagus, J. 2003. Uusi andmeid Eesti kliimast. In Uurimusi Eesti kliimast, pp. 78-101. Publicationes Instituti Geographici Universitatis Tartuensis.

Jaagus, J. 2008. Läbi aegade kõige soojem talv. Eesti Loodus, 12, 6–13.

Jaani, A. 2001. Thermal regime and ice conditions. In Lake Peipsi: Meteorology, Hydrology, Hydro­chemistry (Nõges, T., ed.), pp. 65-71. Sulemees Publishers, Tartu.

Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Jensen, J.-P., et al. 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading – an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biol., 50, 1747–1771.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01415.x

Köhler, J. & Hoeg, S. 2000. Phytoplankton selection in a river–lake system during two decades of changing nutrient supply. Hydrobiologia, 424, 13-24.
doi:10.1023/A:1003988508599

Laugaste, R., Nõges, P., Nõges, T., Yastremskij, V. V., Milius, A. & Ott, I. 2001. Algae. In Lake Peipsi: Flora and Fauna (Pihu, E. & Haberman, J., eds), pp. 31-49. Sulemees Publishers, Tartu.

Leppäranta, M., Reinart, A., Erm, A., Arst, H., Hussainov, M. & Sipelgas, L. 2003. Investigation of ice and water properties and under-ice light fields in fresh and brackish water bodies. Nord. Hydrol., 34, 245–266.

Livingstone, D. M. 1993. Temporal structure in the deep-water temperature of four Swiss lakes: a short term climate change indicator? Verh. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 25, 75–81.

Livingstone, D. M. 2000. Large-scale climatic forcing detected in historical observations of lake ice break-up. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 27, 2775-2783.

Magnuson, J. J., Robertson, D. M., Benson, B. J., Wynne, R. H., Livingstone, D. M., Arai, T., Assel, R. A., Barry, R. G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N. G., Prowse, T. D., Stewart, K. M. & Vuglinski, V. S. 2000. Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Science, 289, 1743–1746.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1743

McKee, D., Atkinson, D., Collings, S., Eaton, J., Harvey, I., Heyes, T., Hatton, K., Wilson, D. & Moss, B. 2002. Macro-zooplankter responses to simulated climate warming in experimental freshwater microcosms. Freshwater Biol., 47, 1557–1570.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00878.x

Matveev, V. & Matveeva, L. 1997. Grazer control and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton biomass in two Australian reservoirs. Freshwater Biol., 38, 49–65.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00194.x

Mehner, T. 2000. Influence of spring warming on the predation rate of underyearling fish on Daphnia – a deterministic simulation approach. Freshwater Biol., 45, 253–263.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00551.x

Milius, A. & Haldna, M. 2008. Hüdrokeemia. In Peipsi (Haberman, J., Timm, T. & Raukas, A., eds), pp. 157–178. Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu.

Nõges, T. 2004. Reflection of the changes of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index and the Gulf Stream Position Index in the hydrology and phytoplankton of Võrtsjärv, a large, shallow lake in Estonia. Boreal Environ. Res., 9, 401–407.

Nõges, P. & Kisand, A. 1999. Horizontal distribution of sediment phosphorus in shallow eutrophic lake Võrtsjärv (Estonia). Hydrobiologia, 408/409, 167–174.
doi:10.1023/A:1017075701395

OECD. 1982. Eutrophication of Water, Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.), Paris.

Peeters, F., Straile, D., Lorke, A. & Livingstone, D. M. 2007. Earlier onset of the spring phyto­plankton bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a warmer climate. Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1898–1909.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01412.x

Phillips, K. A. & Fawley, M. W. 2002. Winter phytoplankton community structure in three shallow temperate lakes during ice cover. Hydrobiologia, 470, 97–113.
doi:10.1023/A:1015667803372

Richardson, A. J. 2008. In hot water: zooplankton and climate change. J. Mar. Sci., 65, 279–295.

Rivier, I. K. 1996. Ecology of diapausing copepodids of Cyclops kolensis Lill. in reservoirs of the Upper Volga. Hydrobiologia, 320, 235–241.
doi:10.1007/BF00016825

Romare, P., Schindler, D. E., Scheuerell, M. D., Scheuerell, J. M., Litt, A. H. & Shepherd, J. H. 2005. Variation in spatial and temporal gradients in zooplankton spring development: the effect of climatic factors. Freshwater Biol., 50, 1007–1021.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01386.x

Rummukainen, M., Räisänen, J., Bringfelt, B., Ullerstig, A., Omstedt, A., Willén, U., Hansson, U. & Jones, C. 2001. A regional climate model for northeastern Europe: model description and results from the downscaling of two GCM control simulations. Clim. Dynam., 17, 339–359.
doi:10.1007/s003820000109

Sarvala, J., Helminen, V., Saarikari, V., Salonen, S. & Vuorio, K. 1998. Relations between planktivorous fish abundance, zooplankton and phytoplankton in three lakes of differing productivity. Hydrobiologia, 363, 81–95.
doi:10.1023/A:1003138108548

SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS Online Doc, version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary.

Scheffer, M., Straile, D., Van Nes, E. H. & Hosper, H. 2001. Climatic warming causes regime shifts in lake food webs. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1780–1783.
doi:10.4319/lo.2001.46.7.1780

Shatwell, T., Köhler, J. & Nicklisch, A. 2008. Warming promotes cold-adapted phytoplankton in temperate lakes and opens a loophole for Oscillatoriales in spring. Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2194–2200.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01630.x

Sikorowa, A., Mientki, C., Chudybowa, D., Widuto, J., Zmyslowska, I. & Sobierajska, M. 1975. Experiment on the rejuvenation of Kortowskie Lake. Preliminary results of the years 1971-1973 and some earlier results. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 22, 251–269.

Sommer, U., Aberle, N., Engel, A., Hansen, T., Lengfellner, K., Sandow, M., Wohlers, J., Zöller, E. & Riebesell, U. 2007. An indoor mesocosm system to study the effect of climate change on the late winter and spring succession of Baltic Sea phyto- and zooplankton. Oecologia, 150, 655–667.
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0539-4

Sorvari, S., Korhola, A. & Thompson, R. 2002. Lake diatom response to Arctic warming in Finnish Lapland. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 171–181.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00463.x

Starast, H., Milius, A., Möls, T. & Lindpere, A. 2001. Hydrochemistry of Lake Peipsi. In Lake Peipsi: Meteorology, Hydrology, Hydrochemistry (Nõges, T., ed.), pp. 97–131. Sulemees Publishers, Tartu.

Straile, D. 2000. Meteorological forcing of plankton dynamics in a large and deep continental European lake. Oecologia, 122, 44–50.
doi:10.1007/PL00008834

Straile, D. 2002. North Atlantic Oscillation synchronizes food-web interactions in central European lakes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 269, 391–395.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1907

Swadling, K. M., Pienitz, R. & Nogrady, T. 2000. Zooplankton community composition of lakes in the Yukon and Northeast Territories (Canada): relationships to physical and chemical limnology. Hydrobiologia, 431, 211–224.
doi:10.1023/A:1004056715976

Talling, J. F. 2003. Phytoplankton–zooplankton seasonal timing and clear-water phase in some English lakes. Freshwater Biol., 48, 39–52.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.00968.x

Ventelä, A.-M., Saarikari, V. & Vuorio, K. 1998. Vertical and seasonal distributions of micro­organisms zooplankton and phytoplankton in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia, 363, 229–240.
doi:10.1023/A:1003181923569

Virro, T., Haberman, J., Haldna, M. & Blank, K. 2009. Diversity and structure of the winter rotifer assemblage in a shallow eutrophic northern temperate Lake Võrtsjärv. Aquat. Ecol., 43, 755–764.
doi:10.1007/s10452-009-9276-1

Wagner, A. & Benndorf, J. 2007. Climate-driven warming during spring destabilises a Daphnia population: a mechanistic food web approach. Oecologia, 151, 351–364.
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0554-5

Weisse, T., Müller, H., Pinto-Coelho, R. M., Schweizer, A., Springmann, D. & Baldringer, G. 1990. Response of the microbial loop to the phytoplankton spring bloom in a large prealpine lake. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 781–794.
doi:10.4319/lo.1990.35.4.0781

Weyhenmeyer, G. A. 2001. Warmer winters: are planktonic algal populations in Sweden’s largest lakes affected? Ambio, 30, 565-572.
doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2001)030[0565:WWAPAP]2.0.CO;2

Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Blenckner, T. & Pettersson, K. 1999. Changes of the plankton spring outburst related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1788–1792.
doi:10.4319/lo.1999.44.7.1788

Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Adrian, R., Gaedke, U., Livingstone, D. M. & Maberly, S. C. 2002. Response of phytoplankton in European lakes to a change in the North Atlantic Oscillation. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 28, 1436-1439.

Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Meili, M. & Livingstone, D. M. 2005. Systematic differences in the trend towards earlier ice-out on Swedish lakes along a latitudinal temperature gradient. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 29, 257-260.

Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Westöö, A.-K. & Willén, E. 2008. Increasingly ice-free winters and their effects on water quality in Sweden’s largest lakes. Hydrobiologia, 599, 111-118.
doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9188-9
Back to Issue

Back issues