, Eve Rannamäe , Margot Laneman, Mari Tõrv , Valter Lang, Ester Oras , Lembi LõugasIt has been hypothesised that the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) was introduced to the area of what is now modern-day Estonia around the Pre-Roman or Roman Iron Age. However, none of the earliest chicken bones found in the area had been radiocarbon dated and due to a complex contextual background, the question of its first appearance has been left open. With the aim of finding the earliest evidence for the chicken in Estonia, we looked into the zooarchaeological material from twelve archaeological sites, including burial grounds, settlement sites, and hillforts. The earliest evidence had been reported at four of these sites, but during the taxonomic reassessment, no chicken bones were identified. From the remaining eight sites, nine chicken bones were radiocarbon dated by AMS. The sample from a stone-cist grave at Rebala (northern Estonia) was dated to 200 calBCE – 5 calCE, which means that this individual is the earliest confirmed chicken in Estonia. The other dates range from the Pre-Viking Age to the Modern Period, with some of them illustrating the complicated nature of faunal remains in archaeological contexts. Although this study elucidates the first appearance of the chicken in Estonia and in the Baltic region in general, its origin, ways of exploitation, and the extent of its spreading remain to be studied.
Barrett, J., Hall, A., Johnstone, C., Kenward, H., O’Connor, T. & Ashby, S. 2007. Interpreting the plant and animal remains from Viking-Age Kaupang. – Kaupang in Skiringssal. Ed. D. Skre. (Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, 1; Norske Oldfunn, XXII.) Narayana Press, Denmark, 283–319.
Bläuer, A. & Kantanen, J. 2013. Transition from hunting to animal husbandry in southern, western and eastern Finland: new dated osteological evidence. – Journal of Archaeological Science, 40: 4, 1646–1666.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.033
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. – Radiocarbon, 51: 1, 337–360.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033865
Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T., Bowles, A. & Hedges, R. 2004. Improvements to the pretreatment of bone at Oxford. – Radiocarbon, 46: 1, 155–163.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200039473
Brown, T. A., Nelson, D. E., Vogel, J. S. & Southon, J. R. 1988. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. – Radiocarbon, 30: 2, 171–177.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200044118
Eda, M., Lu, P., Kikuchi, H., Li, Z., Li, F. & Yuan, J. 2016. Reevaluation of early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. – Journal of Archaeological Science, 67, 25–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.01.012
Eda, M., Kikuchi, H., Sun, G. & Matsui, A. 2019. Were chicken exploited in the Neolithic early rice cultivation society of the lower Yangtze River? – Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11, 6423–6430.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00783-x
Ehrlich, F., Rannamäe, E. & Valk, H. 2020. Bird exploitation in Viljandi (Estonia) from the Late Iron Age to the Early Modern Period (c. 950–1700). – Quaternary International.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.07.018
Ericson, P. G. P. & Tyrberg, T. 2004. The Early History of the Swedish Avifauna: A Review of the Subfossil Record and Early Written Sources. (Antikvariska Serien, 45.) Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Stockholm.
FAO, Faostat.
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA (accessed 07 January 2021).
Galimova, D. N., Askeyev, I. V. & Askeyev, O. V. 2014. Bird remains from 5th–17th century AD archaeological sites in the Middle Volga region of Russia. – International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 24: 3, 347–357.
https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2385
Girdland Flink, L., Allen, R., Barnett, R., Malmström, H., Peters, J., Eriksson, J., Andersson, L., Dobney, K. & Larson, G. 2014. Establishing the validity of domestication genes using DNA from ancient chickens. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 17, 6184–6189.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308939110
Gotfredsen, A. B. 2013. The role of birds as grave gifts in richly furnished Roman Iron Age inhumation graves c. 1–375 AD, eastern Denmark. – Anthropozoologica, 48: 2, 355–370.
https://doi.org/10.5252/az2013n2a12
Gotfredsen, A. B. 2014. Birds in subsistence and culture at Viking Age sites in Denmark. – International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 24: 3, 365–377.
https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2367
Jaanits, L. 1965. Über die Ergebnisse der Steinzeitforschung in Sowjetestland. – Finskt Museum, LXXII, 5–46.
Jaanits, L., Laul, S., Lõugas, V. & Tõnisson, E. 1982. Eesti esiajalugu. Eesti Raamat, Tallinn.
Jonuks, T., Oras, E., Best, J., Demarchi, B., Mänd, R., Presslee, S. & Vahur, S. 2018. Multi-method analysis of avian eggs as grave goods: revealing symbolism in Conversion Period burials at Kukruse, NE Estonia. – Environmental Archaeology, 23: 2, 109–122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2016.1263374
Klinken, G. J. van 1999. Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. – Journal of Archaeological Science, 26: 6, 687–695.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0385
Kraut, A. 1985. Die Steinkistengräber von Jõelähtme. – TATÜ, 34: 4, 348–350.
Kriiska, A. 1996. Stone Age settlements in the lower reaches of the Narva River. – Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History. Eds T. Hackens, S. Hicks, V. Lang, U. Miller & L. Saarse. (PACT, 51.) Council of Europe, PACT Belgium, Strasbourg, Rixensart, 359–372.
Kysely, R. 2010. Review of the oldest evidence of domestic fowl Gallus gallus f. domestica from the Czech Republic in its European context. – Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 53A: 1–2, 9–34.
https://doi.org/10.3409/azc.53a_1-2.09-34
Laneman, M. 2006. Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Rebalas 2004. a. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 1-19-48.
Laneman, M. 2021a. The date of the stone-cist cemetery at Jõelähtme reconsidered. – EJA, 25: 1, 55–89.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.1.03
Laneman, M. 2021b. Radiocarbon chronology of the stone-cist graves at Rebala, northern Estonia. – EJA, 25: 2, 113–139.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2021.2.02
Laneman, M. & Lang, V. 2013. New radiocarbon dates for two stone-cist graves at Muuksi, northern Estonia. – EJA, 17: 2, 89–122.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2013.2.01
Laneman, M., Lang, V., Malve, M. & Rannamäe, E. 2015. New data on Jaani stone graves at Väo, northern Estonia. – EJA, 19: 2, 110–137.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2015.2.02
Lang, V. 1988. Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Iru linnuse keskvallil 1985. ja 1986. a. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 1-19-27B.
Lang, V. 1995. A Pre-Roman tarand-grave and late medieval fossil fields of Ilmandu, NW Estonia. – TATÜ, 44: 4, 429–436.
Lang, V. 1996a. The Stone Age to Late Iron Age in the Maardu area, northern Estonia, as revealed by archaeological excavations. The fossil fields at Saha-Loo. – Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History. Eds T. Hackens, S. Hicks, V. Lang, U. Miller & L. Saarse. (PACT, 51.) Council of Europe, PACT Belgium, Strasbourg, Rixensart, 128–138.
Lang, V. 1996b. Muistne Rävala. Muistised, kronoloogia ja maaviljelusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis, eriti Pirita jõe alamjooksu piirkonnas, I–II. (MT, 4.) Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus, Tallinn.
Lang, V. 2000. Keskusest ääremaaks. Viljelusmajandusliku asustuse kujunemine ja areng Vihasoo–Palmse piirkonnas Virumaal. (MT, 7.) Ajaloo Instituut, Tallinn.
Lang, V. 2007. The Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Estonia. (Estonian Archaeology, 3.) Tartu University Press, Tartu.
https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_423939
Lang, V. 2018. Läänemeresoome tulemised. (MT, 28.) University of Tartu Press, Tartu.
Lang, V., Laneman, M., Ilves, K. & Kalman, J. 2001. Fossil fields and stone-cist graves of Rebala revisited. – AVE, 2000, 34–47.
Lang, V., Kaldre, H., Konsa, M., Laneman, M., Lätti, P. & Vaab, H. 2004. Fossil fields of Ilmandu and Muraste, North-Estonia. – AVE, 2003, 72–84.
Larson, G. & Fuller, D. Q. 2014. The evolution of animal domestication. – Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45: 1, 115–136.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813
Lepiksaar, J. 1977. Människan och husdjuren. – Fauna och Flora, 72, 79–101.
Longin, R. 1971. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. – Nature, 230, 241–242.
https://doi.org/10.1038/230241a0
Lõugas, V. 1966. Asva linnamäe 1966. a kaevamiste aruanne. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 1-70-22.
Lõugas, V. 1977. Ausgrabungsergebnisse eines Steingräberfeldes von Kurevere. – TATÜ, 26: 1, 48–52.
Lõugas, V. 1981. Kana ja muna Baltimaade arheoloogilises materjalis. – Eesti ajaloo probleeme. Toim E. Tarvel. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia, Ajaloo Instituut, Tallinn, 96–103.
Lõugas, V. 1983. Über die Steingräbergruppe Lastekangrud in Rebala. – TATÜ, 32: 4, 295–297.
Lõugas, L. 1994. Subfossil vertebrate fauna of Asva site, Saaremaa: mammals. – Stilus: Eesti Arheoloogiaseltsi teated, 5, 71–93.
Lõugas, V. & Selirand, J. 1989. Arheoloogiga Eestimaa teedel. Teine, parandatud ja täiendatud trükk. Valgus, Tallinn.
Lõugas, L., Lidén, K. & Nelson, D. E. 1996. Resource utilisation along the Estonian coast during the Stone Age. – Coastal Estonia. Recent Advances in Environmental and Cultural History. Eds T. Hackens, S. Hicks, V. Lang, U. Miller & L. Saarse. (PACT, 51.) Council of Europe, PACT Belgium, Strasbourg, Rixensart, 399–420.
Lõugas, L., Kriiska, A. & Maldre, L. 2007. New dates for the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture burials and early animal husbandry in the east Baltic region. – Archaeofauna, 16, 21–31.
Lõugas, L., Rannamäe, E., Ehrlich, F. & Tvauri, A. 2019. Duty on fish: zooarchaeological evidence from Kastre Castle and customs station site between Russia and Estonia. – International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 29: 3, 432–442.
https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2764
Mägi, M. 2002. At the Crossroads of Space and Time. Graves, Changing Society and Ideology on Saaremaa (Ösel), 9th–13th Centuries AD. Ajaloo Instituut, Center of Baltic Studies, Tallinn.
Maldre, L. 1997. Aruanne Ilmandu III tarandkalmest 1994. aastal kogutud loomaluudest. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 5-2-34.
Maldre, L. 1998a. Aruanne Poanse kalmest 1975.–1976. aastal kogutud loomaluudest. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 5-2-46.
Maldre, L. 1998b. Aruanne Tõugu II tarandkalmest 1993.–1995. a leitud loomaluudest. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 5-2-37.
Maldre, L. 1999. Aruanne Uusküla II kalmest 1998. aastal kogutud loomaluudest. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 5-2-42.
Maldre, L. 2000. Tõugu II kalme arheozooloogiline materjal. – Lang 2000, Appendix 4, 409–422.
Maldre, L. 2008. Karjakasvatusest Ridala pronksiaja asulas. – Loodus, inimene ja tehnoloogia, 2. Interdistsiplinaarseid uurimusi arheoloogias. Toim L. Jaanits, V. Lang & J. Peets. (MT, 17.) Tallinn, Tartu, 263–276.
Maltby, M. 2012. From Alces to Zander: a summary of the zooarchaeological evidence from Novgorod, Gorodishche and Minino. – The Archaeology of Medieval Novgorod in Context. Studies in Centre/Periphery Relations. Eds M. A. Brisbane, N. A. Makarov & E. N. Nosov. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 351–380.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dqcg.28
Maltby, M., Pluskowski, A., Rannamäe, E. & Seetah, K. 2019. Farming, hunting and fishing in Medieval Livonia: Zooarchaeological data. – Environment, Colonisation and the Crusader States in Medieval Livonia and Prussia. Ed. A. Pluskowski. (Terra Sacra, I.) Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 136–174.
Mannermaa, K. 2008. The Archaeology of Wings. Birds and People in the Baltic Sea Region during the Stone Age. Helsingin Yliopisto, Helsinki.
Mannermaa, K. & Lõugas, L. 2005. Birds in the subsistence and cultures on four major Baltic Sea islands in the Neolithic (Hiiumaa, Saaremaa, Gotland and Åland). – Feathers, Grit and Symbolism. Birds and Humans in the Ancient Old and New Worlds: Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Munich 26.7–28.7.2004. Eds G. Grupe & J. Peters. (Documenta Archaeobiologiae, 3.) Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden, 179–198.
Miao, Y.-W., Peng, M.-S., Wu, G.-S., Ouyang, Y.-N., Yang, Z.-Y., Yu, N., Liang, J.-P., Pianchou, G., Beja-Pereira, A., Mitra, B., Palanichamy, M. G., Baig, M., Chaudhuri, T. K., Shen, Y.-Y., Kong, Q.-P., Murphy, R. W., Yao, Y.-G. & Zhang, Y.-P. 2013. Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes. – Heredity, 110, 277–282.
https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2012.83
Oras, E., Lang, V., Rannamäe, E., Varul, L., Konsa, M., Limbo-Simovart, J., Vedru, G., Laneman, L., Malve, M. & Price, T. 2016. Tracing prehistoric migrations: Isotope analysis of Bronze and Pre-Roman Iron Age coastal burials in Estonia. – EJA, 20: 1, 3–32.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2016.1.01
Paaver, K. 1965. = Паaвep K. Формирование териофауны и изменчивость млекопитающих Прибалтики в голоцене. Академия наук Эстонской ССР, Tарту.
Paaver, K. 1966. Iru kindlustatud asula ja linnuse kaevamistel 1953.–1957. a. kogutud luumaterjalide määramise esialgsed tulemused. Manuscript in the archive of the Archaeological Research Collection at Tallinn University, AI 5-1-12.
Peters, J., Lebrasseur, O., Best, J., Miller, H., Fothergill, T., Dobney, K., Thomas, R. M., Maltby, M., Sykes, N., Hanotte, O., O’Connor, T., Collins, M. J. & Larson, G. 2015. Questioning new answers regarding Holocene chicken domestication in China. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112: 19, E2415.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503579112
Peters, J., Lebrasseur, O., Deng, H. & Larson, G. 2016. Holocene cultural history of Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and its domestic descendant in East Asia. – Quaternary Science Reviews, 142, 102–119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.004
Piotrowska, N. & Goslar, T. 2002. Preparation of bone samples in the Gliwice radiocarbon laboratory for AMS radiocarbon dating. – Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 38: 4, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010208033272
Pitt, J., Gillingham, P. K., Maltby, M. & Stewart, J. R. 2016. New perspectives on the ecology of early domestic fowl: an interdisciplinary approach. – Journal of Archaeological Science, 74, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.08.004
Rammo, R. & Veldi, M. 2005. 2004. aasta kaevamised Viljandi Musumäel. – Viljandi Muuseumi aastaraamat. Toim A. Vislapuu & A. Haak. Viljandi Muuseum, Viljandi, 97–111.
Rannamäe, E. & Lõugas, L. 2019. Animal exploitation in Karksi and Viljandi (Estonia) in the Late Iron Age and Medieval Period. – Ecologies of Crusading, Colonization, and Religious Conversion in the Medieval Baltic. Ed. A. Pluskowski. (Terra Sacra, II.) Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, Belgium, 61–76.
Rannamäe, E. & Tomek, T. 2015. Identifications of the faunal remains from Jõelähtme.
https://andmekogud.arheoloogia.ee/#/leiud/arheozooloogia
Rannamäe, E., Lõugas, L., Speller, C. F., Valk, H., Maldre, L., Wilczyński, J., Mikhailov, A. & Saarma, U. 2016. Three thousand years of continuity in the maternal lineages of ancient sheep (Ovis aries) in Estonia. – PLoS ONE, 11: 10, e0163676.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163676
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Muscheler, R., Palmer, J. G., Pearson, C., van der Plicht, J., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M., Wacker, L., Adolphi, F., Büntgen, U., Capano, M., Fahrni, S. M., Fogtmann-Schulz, A., Friedrich, R., Köhler, P., Kudsk, S., Miyake, F., Olsen, J., Reinig, F., Sakamoto, M., Sookdeo, A. & Talamo, S. 2020. The Intcal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 Cal kBP). – Radiocarbon, 62: 4, 725–757.
https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41
Rumbutis, S., Blaževičius, P. & Piličiauskienė, G. 2018. Paukščiai Vilniaus pilyse. – Vilniaus pilių fauna: nuo kepsnio iki draugo. Eds P. Blaževičius, N. Dambrauskaitė, H. Luik, G. Piličiauskienė, S. Rumbutis & T. Zarankaitė-Margienė. Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, Vilnius, 104–130.
Saag, L., Laneman, M., Varul, L., Malve, M., Valk, H., Razzak, M. A., Shirobokov, I. G., Khartanovich, V. I., Mikhaylova, E. R., Kushniarevich, A., Scheib, C. L., Solnik, A., Reisberg, T., Parik, J., Saag, L., Metspalu, E., Rootsi, S., Montinaro, F., Remm, M., Mägi, R., D’Atanasio, E., Crema, E. R., Díez-del-Molino, D., Thomas, M. G., Kriiska, A., Kivisild, T., Villems, R., Lang, V., Metspalu, M. & Tambets, K. 2019. The arrival of Siberian ancestry connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic speakers further east. – Current Biology, 29: 10, 1701–1711.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026
Serjeantson, D. 2009. Birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi.
Shaymuratova (Galimova), D., Askeyev, I. & Askeyev, O. 2019. The studies of archaeological bird remains from Medieval Staraya Ladoga. New results and interpretations. – Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland. Helsinki Harvest. Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on the Application of Scientific Methods in Archaeology. Eds K. Mannermaa, M. A. Manninen, P. A. P. Pesonen & L. Seppänen. Suomen Arkeologinen Seura, Helsinki, 93–114.
Sperling, U. 2014. Aspekte des Wandels in der Bronzezeit im Ostbaltikum. Die Siedlungen der Asva-Gruppe in Estland. (EJA, 18. Supplementary Volume, 2S.) Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.
https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2014.2S.01
Sperling, U., Karlsen, H.-J., Lang, V. & Kimber, A. 2019. Grabungen und geomagnetische Prospektion auf dem vorwikingerzeitlichen Burgberg von Asva. – AVE, 2018, 47–58.
Sperling, U., Karlsen, H.-J., Lang, V., Kimber, A., Lõugas, L. & Lau, R. 2020. Ausgrabungen in der Bronzezeitsiedlung von Asva im Jahr 2019. – AVE, 2019, 51–60.
Storey, A. A., Athens, J. S., Bryant, D., Carson, M., Emery, K., deFrance, S., Higham, C., Huuynen, L., Intoh, M., Jones, S., Kirch, P. V., Ladefoged, T., McCoy, P., Morales-Muñiz, A., Quiroz, D., Reitz, E., Robins, J., Walter, R. & Matisoo-Smith, E. 2012. Investigating the global dispersal of chickens in prehistory using ancient mitochondrial DNA signatures. – PLoS ONE, 7: 7, e39171.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039171
Tomek, T. & Bocheński, Z. M. 2009. A Key for the Identification of Domestic Birds in Europe: Galliformes and Columbiformes. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
Tomek, T. & Lõugas, L. 2009. Identifications and radiocarbon dates of chicken finds from Asva. https://andmekogud.arheoloogia.ee/#/leiud/arheozooloogia
Tomek, T., Bocheński, Z. & Lõugas, L. 2010. The utilization of birds during the Late Bronze Age on the Baltic Sea island of Saaremaa, Estonia. – Poster Presentation. Abstract: 11th International Conference of Archaeozoology. ICAZ 2010. Paris, 23–28 August 2010, 234.
Tõnisson, E. 2008. Eesti muinaslinnad. Toim A. Mäesalu & H. Valk. (MT, 20.) Tartu, Tallinn.
Tourunen, A. 2011. Burnt, fragmented and mixed: identification and interpretation of domestic animal bones in Finnish burnt bone assemblages. – Fennoscandia Archaeologica, XXVIII, 57–69.
Tvauri, A. 2012. The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. (Estonian Archaeology, 4.) Tartu University Press, Tartu.
https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_423944
Tyrberg, T. 2002. The archaeological record of domesticated and tamed birds in Sweden. – Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 45, 215–231.
Valk, H. & Rannamäe, E. 2015. Investigation of Late Iron Age occupation layers in Viljandi Castle park. – AVE, 2014, 123–132.
Walker, S. J. & Meijer, H. J. M. 2020. More than food; evidence for different breeds and cockfighting in Gallus gallus bones from Medieval and Post-Medieval Norway. – Quaternary International, 543, 125–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.008
Walker, S. J., Hufthammer, A. K. & Meijer, H. J. M. 2019. Birds in Medieval Norway. – Open Quaternary, 5: 1, 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.5334/oq.58
Wang, M.-S., Thakur, M., Peng, M.-S., Jiang, Y., Frantz, L. A. F., Li, M., Zhang, J.-J., Wang, S., Peters, J., Otieno Otecko, N., Suwannapoom, C., Guo, X., Zheng, Z.-Q., Esmailizadeh, A., Hirimuthugoda, N. Y., Ashari, H., Suladari, S., Zein, M. S. A., Kusza, S., Kharrati-Koopaee, H., Shen, Q.-K., Zeng, L., Yang, M.-M., Wu, Y.-J., Yang, X.-Y., Lu, X.-M., Jia, X.-Z., Nie, Q.-H., Lamont, S. J., Lasagna, E., Ceccobelli, S., Gunwardana, H. G. T. N., Senasige, T. M., Feng, S.-H., Si, J.-F., Zhang, H., Jin, J.-Q., Li, M.-L., Liu, Y.-H., Chen, H.-M., Ma, C., Dai, S.-S., Bhuiyan, A. K. F. H., Khan, M. S., Silva, G. L. L. P., Le, T.-T., Mwai, O. A., Ibrahim, M. N. M., Supple, M., Shapiro, B., Hanotte, O., Zhang, G., Larson, G., Han, J.-L., Wu, D.-D. & Zhang, Y.-P. 2020. 863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken. – Cell Research, 30, 693–701.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y
Wessman, A., Alenius, T., Holmqvist, E., Mannermaa, K., Perttola, W., Sundell, T. & Vanhanen, S. 2018. Hidden and remote: new perspectives on the people in the Levänluhta water burial, western Finland (c. AD 300–800). – European Journal of Archaeology, 21: 3, 431–454.
https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.84
Xiang, H., Gao, J., Yu, B., Zhou, H., Cai, D., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, X., Hofreiter, M. & Zhao, X. 2014. Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 49, 17564–17569.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411882111
Xiang, H., Gao, J., Yu, B., Hofreiter, M. & Zhao, X. 2015. Reply to Peters et al.: Further discussions confirm early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112: 19, E2416.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503956112
