Trace fossils of the ichnogenus Zoophycos have been described for the first time from the Silurian of Baltica. They occur in Llandovery pure limestones of middle Estonia and in Ludfordian argillaceous limestones and early Pridoli crinoid grainstones of western Estonia (Saaremaa). The occurrence of Zoophycos in the Silurian of Estonia was not restricted to a particular facies, though all finds come from shallow-water sediments. Zoophycos had a wide geographic distribution in the Silurian.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.014
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Miller, M. F. 1991. Morphology and paleoenvironmental distribution of Paleozoic Spirophyton and Zoophycos: implications for the Zoophycos ichnofacies. PALAIOS, 6, 410–425.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514966
Mõtus, M.-A. & Hints, O. (eds). 2007. Excursion Guidebook. 10th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera. Excursion B2: Lower Paleozoic Geology and Corals of Estonia, August 18–22, 2007. Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 66 pp.
Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. 1977. Model of facies and sedimentology for Paleobaltic epicontinental basin. In Facies and Fauna of the Baltic Silurian (Kaljo, D. L., ed.), pp. 89–121. Institute of Geology AN ESSR, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Olivero, D. 2007. Zoophycos and the role of type specimens in ichnotaxonomy. In Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects (Miller, W., ed.), pp. 466–477. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452949-7/50139-X
Osgood, R. G. & Szmuc, E. J. 1972. The trace fossil Zoophycos as an indicator of water depth. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 62, 5–22.
Pak, R., Pemberton, S. G. & Stasiuk, L. 2010. Paleoenvironmental and taphonomic implications of trace fossils in Ordovician kukersites. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 58, 141–158.
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Pickerill, R. K., Roulston, B. V. & Noble, J. P. A. 1977. Trace fossils from the Silurian Chaleurs Group of southeastern Gaspé Peninsula, Québec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14, 239–249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e77-025
Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A. 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn, 436 pp.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000313
Seilacher, A. 1967a. Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology, 5, 413–428.
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Vinn, O. 2014. Cruziana traces from the Late Silurian (Pridoli) carbonate shelf of Saaremaa, Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 63, 71–75.
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Vinn, O. & Wilson, M. A. 2010. Occurrence of giant borings of Osprioneides kampto in the lower Silurian (Sheinwoodian) stromatoporoids of Saaremaa, Estonia. Ichnos, 17, 166–171.
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