The biostratigraphical data on the East Baltic Silurian chitinozoans are summarized. Based on the study of nine East Baltic drill cores, 28 regional chitinozoan zonal units, including 26 biozones and 2 interzones, are briefly characterized. In comparison with earlier publications, the Silurian chitinozoan biozonation chart is essentially updated, some biozonal units are added, some renamed and several previous subdivisions have been abolished or replaced. The ranges of the stratigraphically most important chitinozoan species throughout the East Baltic Silurian are discussed. Regional chitinozoan biozones are correlated with the global chitinozoan biozones and graptolite biozones, as well as with the regional stratigraphical units of Estonia, Latvia and the Kaliningrad district.
Asselin, E., Achab, A. & Bourque, P. A. 1989. Chitinozoaires du Silurien inférieur dans la baie des Chaleurs en Gaspésie, Québec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 2435–2449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-208
Butcher, A. 2009. Early Llandovery chitinozoans from Jordan. Palaeontology, 52, 593–629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00862.x
Butcher, A., Mikulic, D. G. & Kluessendorf, J. 2010. Late Ordovician–Early Silurian chitinozoans from north-eastern and western Illinois, USA. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 159, 81–93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.11.002
Cramer, B. D., Brett, C. E., Melchin, M. J., Männik, P., Kleffner, M. A., Mclaughlin, P. L., Loydell, D. K., Munnecke, A., Jeppsson, L., Corradini, C., Brunton, F. R. & Saltzman, M. R. 2011. Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global and regional chronostratigraphic units and δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy. Lethaia, 44, 185–202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00234.x
Cramer, F. H. 1967. Chitinozoans of a composite section of Upper Llandoverian to basal Lower Gedinnian sediments in northern Leon, Spain. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, de Paléontologie et d´Hydrogéologie, 75, 69–129.
Dufka, P. 1992. Lower Silurian chitinozoans of the Prague Basin (Barrandian, Czechoslovakia) – preliminary results. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 35, 117–126.
Dufka, P. & Fatka, O. 1993. Chitinozoans and acritarchs from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. In Contributions to Acritarch and Chitinozoan Research (Molyneux, S. G. & Dorning, K. J., eds), Special Papers in Palaeontology, 48, 17–28.
Dufka, P., Křiž, J. & Štorch, P. 1995. Silurian graptolites and chitinozoans from the Uranium Industry boreholes drilled in 1968–1971 (Prague Basin, Bohemia). Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 70, 5–14.
Eisenack, A. 1931. Neue Mikrofossilien des baltischen Silurs I. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 13, 74–118.
Eisenack, A. 1937. Neue Mikrofossilien des baltischen Silurs IV. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 19, 217–243.
Eisenack, A. 1955. Chitinozoen, Hystrichosphären und andere Mikrofossilien aus dem Beyrichia-Kalk. Senkenbergiana Lethaea, 36, 157–188.
Eisenack, A. 1959. Neotypen baltischer Silur: chitinozoen und neue arten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 108, 1–20.
Eisenack, A. 1964. Mikrofossilien aus dem Silur Gotlands. Chitinozoen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 120, 308–342.
Eisenack, A. 1970. Mikrofossilien aus dem Silur Estlands und der Insel Ösel. GFF, 92, 302–322.
Eisenack, A. 1971. Weitere Mikrofossilien aus dem Beyrichienkalk (Silur). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 8, 449–460.
Gailite, L. K., Ulst, R. Ž. & Yakovleva, V. I. 1987. Stratotipicheskie i tipovye razrezy silura Latvii [Stratotype and Type Sections of the Silurian of Latvia]. Zinatne, Riga, 183 pp. [in Russian].
Geng Liang-yu & Cai Xi-rao. 1988. Sequences of Llandoverian chitinozoans in Yangzi Region. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 27, 249–257 [in Chinese, with English summary].
Geng Liang-yu, Qian Zhe-shu, Ding Lian-shen, Wang Gen-xian & Cai Xi-yao. 1997. Silurian Chitinozoans from the Yangtze Region. Palaeoworld, 8, 1–152.
Ghavidel-Syooki, M. 2000. Biostratigraphy and palaeobiography of Late Ordovician and Early Silurian chitinozoans from Zagros Basin, southern Iran. Historical Biology, 15, 29–39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10292380109380580
Ghavidel-Syooki, M. & Vecoli, M. 2007. Latest Ordovician–early Silurian chitinozoans from the eastern Alborz Mountain Range, Kopet-Dagh region, northeastern Iran: biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 145, 173–192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.10.003
Grahn, Y. 1978. Chitinozoan stratigraphy and palaeoecology at the Ordovician–Silurian boundary in Skåne, southernmost Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C 744, 1–16.
Grahn, Y. 1985. Llandoverian and early Wenlockian Chitinozoa from southern Ohio and northern Kentucky, U.S.A. Palynology, 9, 147–164.
Grahn, Y. 1995. Silurian Chitinozoa and biostratigraphy of subsurface Gotland. GFF, 117, 57–65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899509546199
Grahn, Y. 1998. Lower Silurian (Llandovery–Middle Wenlock) biostratigraphy of the mainland of Sweden. GFF, 120, 273–283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899809453218
Hill, P. J., Paris, F. & Richardson, I. B. 1985. Silurian Palynomorphs. In The Palynostratigraphy of Northeast Libya (Thusu, B. G. & Owens, B., eds), Micropalaeontology, 4, 27–48.
Hints, L., Hints, O., Kaljo, D., Kiipli, T., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. & Pärnaste, H. 2010. Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) bio- and chemostratigraphy of the Stirnas-18 core, western Latvia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 59, 1–24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2010.1.01
Kaljo, D. 1970. Graptolites. In The Silurian of Estonia, pp. 179–184. Valgus, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Kaljo, D., Viira, V., Klaamann, E., Männil, R., Märss, T., Nestor, V., Nestor, H., Rubel, M., Sarv, L. & Einasto, R. 1983. Ecological model of the East Baltic Silurian Basin. In Problemy ékologii fauny i flory drevnikh bassejnov [Problems of the Ecology of the Fauna and Flora of Ancient Basins], pp. 43–61. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian].
Kaljo, D., Paškevičius, J. & Ulst, R. 1984. Graptolite zones of the East Baltic Silurian. In Stratigraphy of Early Paleozoic Sediments of the East Baltic (Männil, R. & Mens, K., eds), pp. 94–118. Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Kaljo, D., Viira, V., Märss, T. & Nestor, V. 1986. The nektic, nektobenthic and planktonic communities (fishes, agnathans, conodonts, graptolites, chitinozoans) of the East Baltic Silurian. In Theory and Practice of Ecostratigraphy (Kaljo, D & Klaamann, E., eds), pp. 127–136. Valgus, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Kaljo, D., Boucot, A. J., Corfield, R. M., Le Herisse, A., Koren, T. N., Kriz, J., Männik, P., Märss, T., Nestor, V., Shaver, R. H., Siveter, D. J. & Viira, V. 1995. Silurian bio-events. In Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic (Walliser, O. H., ed.), pp. 173–224. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Kaljo, D., Kiipli, T. & Martma, T. 1998. Correlation of carbon isotope events and environmental cyclicity in the East Baltic Silurian. In Silurian Cycles – Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes (Landing, E. & Johnson, M., eds), New York State Museum Bulletin, 491, 297–312.
Kaljo, D., Hints, L., Männik, P. & Nõlvak, J. 2008. The succession of Hirnantian events based on data from Baltica: brachiopods, chitinozoans, conodonts, and carbon isotopes. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57, 197–218.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2008.4.01
Koren, T. N., Modzalevskaya, T. & Suyarkova, A. A. 2009. Regional stratigraphic scheme of the Silurian of the East European platform. Regional Geology and Metallogeny, 39, 24–32 [in Russian, with English summary].
Křiž, J., Jaeger, H., Paris, F. & Schönlaub, P. H. 1986. Pridoli – the Fourth subdivision of the Silurian system. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 129, 291–360.
Laufeld, S. 1974. Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland. Fossils and Strata, 5, 1–130.
Loydell, D. K. & Nestor, V. 2005. Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biogeography of the upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine, 142, 369–376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756805000531
Loydell, D. K., Kaljo, D. & Männik, P. 1998. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine, 135, 769–783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756898001423
Loydell, D. K., Männik, P. & Nestor, V. 2003. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine, 140, 205–229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756802007264
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V. & Männik, P. 2010. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Kolka-54 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine, 147, 253–280.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809990574
Männil, R. 1970. Acid-resistant microfossils. In Silurian of Estonia (Kaljo, D., ed.), pp. 176–179. Valgus, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Martin, F. 1973. Ordovicien superieur et Silurien inferieur à Deerlijk (Belgique). Palynofacies et microfacies. Mémoires Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 174, 1–71.
Mullins, G. L. & Aldridge, R. J. 2004. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the basal Wenlock Series (Silurian) global stratotype section and point. Palaeontology, 47, 745–773.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00387.x
Mullins, G. L. & Loydell, D. K. 2001. Integrated Silurian chitinozoans and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Banwy River section, Wales. Palaeontology, 44, 731–781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00200
Nestor, H. 1997. Silurian. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A., eds), pp. 89–106. Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn.
Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. 1997. Ordovician and Silurian carbonate sedimentation basin. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A., eds), pp. 192–204. Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn.
Nestor, H., Einasto, R., Männik, P. & Nestor, V. 2003. Correlation of lower–middle Llandovery sections in central and southern Estonia and sedimentation cycles of lime muds. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 52, 3–27.
Nestor, V. 1976. A microplankton correlation of some boring sections of the Raikküla Stage, Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Keemia, Geoloogia, 25, 319–324 [in Russian, with English summary].
Nestor, V. 1982. Chitinozoan zonal assemblages (Wenlock, Estonia). In Communities and Biozones in the Baltic Silurian (Kaljo, D. & Klaamann, E., eds), pp. 84–96. Valgus, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Nestor, V. 1984a. Zonal distribution of chitinozoans in the Wenlockian Jaani Stage of Estonia and the problem of its upper boundary. In Stratigraphy and Early Paleozoic Sediments of East Baltic (Männil, R. & Mens, K., eds), pp. 119–127. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Tallinn [in Russian, with English summary].
Nestor, V. 1984b. Distribution of chitinozoans in the Late Llandoverian Rumba Formation (Pentamerus oblongus beds) of Estonia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 43, 145–153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(84)90030-7
Nestor, V. 1990. Silurian chitinozoans. In Field Meeting, Estonia. An Excursion Guidebook (Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H., eds), pp. 80–83. Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn.
Nestor, V. 1994. Early Silurian Chitinozoans of Estonia and North Latvia. Academia, 4, 1–163.
Nestor, V. 1998. Chitinozoan biofacies of late early Llandovery (Coronograptus cyphus) age in the East Baltic. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 47, 219–228.
Nestor, V. 1999. Distribution of chitinozoans in the Llandovery of the Oslo region. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 38, 237–238.
Nestor, V. 2003. Silurian chitinozoans. In Ruhnu (500) Drill Core (Põldvere, A., ed.), Estonian Geological Sections, 5, 13–14.
Nestor, V. 2005. Chitinozoans of the Margachitina margaritana Biozone and the Llandovery–Wenlock boundary in West Estonian drill cores. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 54, 87–111.
Nestor, V. 2007. Chitinozoans in the Wenlock–Ludlow boundary beds of the East Baltic. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56, 109–128.
Nestor, V. 2009a. Biostratigraphy of the Ludlow chitinozoans from East Baltic drill cores. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58, 170–184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2009.3.02
Nestor, V. 2009b. Chitinozoan diversity in the East Baltic Silurian. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58, 311–316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2009.4.09
Nestor, V. 2010. Distribution of Silurian chitinozoans. In Viki Drill Core (Põldvere, A., ed.), Estonian Geological Sections, 10, 19–21.
Nestor, V. 2011. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Přídolí Series of the East Baltic. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 60, 191–206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2011.4.01
Nestor, V., Einasto, R. & Loydell, D. K. 2002. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy and lithological characteristics of the Lower and Upper Visby boundary Beds in the Ireviken 3 section, Northwest Gotland. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology, 51, 215–226.
Paris, F. 1981. Les Chitinozoaires dans le Paleozoique du Sud-Ouest de l¢Europe (Cadre géologique – Etude systématique – Biostratigraphie). Mémoires de la Société Géologique et Minéralogique de Bretagne, 26, 1–412.
Paris, F. 1988. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian chitinozoans from central and southern Cyrenaica. In Subsurface Palynostratigraphy of Northeast Libya (El-Arnauti, A., Owens, B. & Thusu, B., eds), Garyounis University Publications, Benghazi, 61–71.
Paris, F. & Křiž, J. 1984. Nouvelles espéces de Chitinozoaires á la limite Ludlow/Pridoli en Tchécoslovaquie. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 43, 155–177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(84)90031-9
Paris, F., Laufeld, S. & Chlupáč, I. 1981. Chitinozoa of the Silurian–Devonian Boundary stratotypes in Bohemia. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, 51, 1–29.
Paris, F., Verniers, J., Al-Hajri, S. & Al-Tayyar, H. 1995. Biostratigraphy and palaeogeographic affinities of Early Silurian chitinozoans from central Saudi Arabia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 89, 75–90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00042-V
Paris, F., Deynoux, M. & Ghienne, J.-F. 1998. First record of chitinozoans from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary beds of Mauritania; palaeogeographic implications. Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planétes / Earth & Planetary Sciences, 326, 499–504.
Paris, F., Bourahrouh, A. & Hérissé, A. L. 2000. The effects of the final stages of the Late Ordovician glaciation on marine palynomorphs (chitinozoans, acritarchs, leiospheres) in well NI-2 (NE Algerian Sahara). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 113, 87–104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00054-3
Samuelsson, J., Vecoli, M. & Beier, H. 2001. Ordovician–Silurian palynostratigraphy (Chitinozoa and acritarchs). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 222, 91–122.
Soufiane, A. & Achab, A. 2000. Chitinozoan zonation of the Late Ordovician and the Early Silurian of the island of Anticosti, Québec, Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 109, 85–111.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(99)00044-5
Swire, P. H. 1990. New chitinozoan taxa from the lower Wenlock (Silurian) of the Welsh Borderlands, England. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 9, 107–113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.9.1.107
Taugourdeau, Ph. 1963. Étude de quelques espéces critiques de chitinozoaires de la région d¢Edjelé et compléments a la faune locale. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 6, 130–144.
Umnova, N. I. 1976. Structural types of the prosome and operculum in the association with genera and species of chitinozoans. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 4, 393–405 [in Russian].
Vandenbroucke, T., Verniers, J. & Clarkson, E. N. K. 2003. A chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan area, Midland Valley, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 93, 111–134.
Vandenbroucke, T., Gabbott, S., Paris, F., Aldridge, R. & Theron, J. 2009. Chitinozoans and the age of the Soom Shale, an Ordovician black shale Lagerstätte, South Africa. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 28, 53–66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.28.1.53
Verniers, J. 1999. Calibration of Chitinozoa versus graptolite biozonation in the Wenlock of Builth Wells district (Wales, U. K.), compared with other areas in Avalonia and Baltica. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 38, 359–380.
Verniers, J. & Vandenbroucke, T. R. A. 2006. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy in the Dob’s Linn Ordovician–Silurian GSSP, Southern Uplands, Scotland. GFF, 128, 195–202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035890601282195
Verniers, J., Nestor, V., Paris, F., Dufka, P., Sutherland, S. & Van Grootel, G. 1995. A global Chitinozoa biozonation for the Silurian. Geological Magazine, 132, 651–666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800018896
Williams, M. & Zalasiewicz, J. A. 2004. The Wenlock Cyrtograptus species of the Builth Wells district, central Wales. Palaeontology, 47, 223–263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00372.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00372.x
