The International Labour Organization (ILO) established in 1919 was active in the creation of legal norms for certain work standards and coordinated the cooperation of member states, so that these norms would be transformed into general standards that would be followed in all states and which would be a precondition for securing permanent social peace in the world. One of the basic tasks of the ILO was to protect the most vulnerable on the labour market – children, young people, and women by creating for them appropriate conditions of work. The article deals with the ILO international standards for the protection of these groups, the adoption of the international standards by Estonia, and the effect of these standards on Estonian legislation.
1. According to Keohane and Nye a non-governmental transnational organisation is one in which, apart from government representatives, there is at least one representative who is not under government control. See Keohane, R. O., Nye J. Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction. – International Organization, 1971, 25, 3: Transnational Relations and World Politics, 329–349.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300026187
2. Keohane, R. O., Nye J. Transnational Relations and World Politics, 331.
3. Keohane, R. O., Nye J. Transnational Relations, 332.
4. Keohane, R. O., Nye J. Transnational Relations, 331.
5. Rosenberg, E. S. Transnational Currents in a Shrinking World. – A World Connecting 1870–1945. Ed. by E. S. Rosenberg. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012, 815–816; see also Rosenberg, E. S. Introduction. – Ibid., 4.
6. See Rosenberg, E. S. Transnational Currents, 837–838.
7. Clavin, P. Defining Transnationalism, 438.
8. Constitution of the International Labour Organization 1919. – Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Vol. XIII (Labour). Section II. General principles (Art. 427). – https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv13/ch22subch2 (last accessed 17 October 2020);
. Rodgers, G., Lee, E., Swepston, L., Van Daele, J. The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009. International Labour Office, Geneva, 2009, 249–251.
9. Peinhardt, C., Todd Sandler, T. Transnational Cooperation: An Issue-Based Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 1.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199398607.003.0001
10. Valticos, N. International Labour Law. Springer, Dordrecht, 1979, 27; basis of calculations: ILO: Country profiles. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11003:0::NO (last accessed 11 October 2020).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4402-7
11. Conventions of International Labour Organization. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12000:2005610200518::::P12000_INSTRUMENT_SORT:4 (last accessed 14 October 2020).
12. Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class. Penguin, London 2013, 384.
13. Cunningham, H. The Decline of Child Labour: Labour Markets and Family Economies in Europe and North America since 1830. – Economic History Review, 2000, 53, 3, 410.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00165
14. Hopkins, E. A Social History of the Working Classes 1815–1945. Edward Arnold, London, 1984, 55.
15. Hopkins, E. A Social History of the Working Classes, 59.
16. Annual report of the chief inspector of factories and workshops for the year 1932. The National Archives of the United Kingdom (NAUK), London, LAB (Records of departments responsible for labour and employment matters and related bodies), reference 15/19, 9, 14.
17. Factory Department Memoranda, April 1915. NAUK, LAB, reference 15/12, 61.
18. Factory and Workshop Acts. NAUK, HO (Home Office: Registered Papers) 45, reference 9910/B21173.
19. Reform of the Mines. –
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/19thcentury/overview/coalmines/ (last accessed 22 September 2020).
20. Later factory legislation. –
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/19thcentury/overview/laterfactoryleg/ (last accessed 22 September 2020).
21. Anderson, E. Ideas in Action: the Politics of Prussian Child Labor Reform, 1817–1839. – Theory and Society, 2013, 42, 1, 82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-012-9186-4
22. Braun, H. Industrialisation and Social Policy in Germany. C. Heymann, Cologne and Berlin, 1956, 48.
23. Administration of Labor Laws and Factory Inspection in Certain European Countries. – U.S. Department of Labor. Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914, 142, 1, 116.
24. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. International Labour Conference 89th Session 2001. Report III (Part 1B). International Labour Office, Geneva, 2001, 26.
25. Fyfe, A. The Worldwide Movement against Child Labour. Progress and Future Directions. International Labour Office, Geneva 2007, 7, 8; Report of the Committee of Experts, 23.
26. Report of the Committee of Experts, 26.
27. Report of the Committee of Experts, 27.
28. Fyfe, A. The Worldwide Movement, 8.
29. Rogers, G., Lee, E., Swepston, L., Van Daele, J. The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009. International Labour Office, Geneva, 2009, 69; Bauer, S. International Labor Legislation and the Society of Nations. – Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1919, 254, 49.
30. International Labor Conference. First Annual meeting October 29, 1919 – November 29, 1919. Government Printing Office, Washington 1919, 92. On the basis of physical development of persons the participants at the conference agreed that until the age 16 was childhood, 16 to 18 the age of young persons and adulthood from the age of 18 (see ibid., 50).
31. They considered such age definition too high for India where children mature at an earlier age.
32. C005: Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312150 (last accessed 20 August 2020).
33. C006: Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1919. – https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100 _ILO_CODE:C006 (last accessed 20 October 2020).
34. It was agreed at the conference that adulthood began at 18.
35. International Labor Conference. First Annual Meeting October 29, 1919 – November 29, 1919. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1920, 182.
36. Ratifications of C005: Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312150:NO (last accessed 20 September 2020); Ratifications of C006: Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1919. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312151:NO (last accessed 20 September 2020).
37. I Riigikogu protokollid, 8. istungjärk, protokoll nr 165, 27. oktoober 1922. Riigikogu, Tallinn 1922, 872.
38. According to Estonian law 19 November 1918 the Tsarist laws remained in force. See Riigi Teataja (RT, State Gazette), 1918, 1, 7.
39. Устав о промышленном труде. – Свод законов Российской империи. Т. XI. Ч. 2. Издание 1913 года, Санкт-Петербург, § 64–70, 72–86.
40. RT, 1924, 68, art 30.
41. Pihlamägi, M. Eesti tööstus Esimese maailmasõja aastail (1914–1918). – Esimene maailmasõda ja Eesti. Koost T. Tannberg. (EestiAjalooarhiivi Toimetised, 22 [29].) Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, Tartu, 2014, 187.
42. Töökaitse Eestis 1929. a. Tööinspektorite 1929. a. aruannete kokkuvõte. E. V. Sotsiaalministeerium, Tallinn, 1930, 10, 13.
43. See C059: Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C059; Co60: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C060 (last accessed 4 October 2020).
44. International Labour Conference Twenty-Third Session, Geneva 1937. Record of Proceedings. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1937, 503.
45. J. Kõdari aruanne valitsusele 23. ILO konverentsi tööst 1937. a. RA (Rahvusarhiiv), ERA. 957.14.379, 23v.
46. Ratifications of C059: Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312204:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
47. J. Kõdari aruanne valitsusele 23. ILO konverentsi tööst 1937. a. RA, ERA. 957.14.379, 23v.
48. Coo4: Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C004 (last accessed 5 October 2020).
49. International Labor Conference. First Annual meeting, 103, 181–182.
50. I Riigikogu protokollid, 8. istungjärk, protokoll nr 165, 27. oktoober 1922. Riigikogu, Tallinn, 1922, 872.
51. According to the decree of Minister of Labour and Social Welfare on 13 September 1926, women’s night work needed to end in all industrial enterprises at the very latest by 15 May 1927. See RT, 1926, 71, 873.
52. C045: Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312190:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
53. See Valitsuse vastus küsimustikule naiste töö kohta allmaatöödel. RA, ERA.31.3.9030 (without page numbers); Ratifications of C045: Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312190 (last accessed 23 October 2020).
54. Haridus- ja sotsiaalministri kiri valitsusele, 18.08.1933. RA, ERA. 31.3.5160, 1.
55. C041: Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C041 (last accessed 21 September 2020).
56. Haridus- ja sotsiaalministri kiri valitsusele, 18.08.1933. RA, ERA.31.3.5160, 1.
57. Ratifications of C004: Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO::P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312149;
Ratifications of C041: Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312186:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
58. In accordance with the changes in governmental institutions, Ministry of Road Transport was responsible for social policy since 1934.
59. RT, 1935, 99, art 816.
60. See Naiste öötöö korraldamine. – Maa Hääl, 1935, 15 November; Muudeti tööstusettevõtetes laste, alaealiste ja naiste töö seadust. – Uus Eesti, 1935, 15 November.
61. C003: Maternity Protection Convention, 1919. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C003 (last accessed 5 October 2020).
62. R004: Lead Poisoning (Women and Children) Recommendation, 1919. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312342:NO (last accessed 20 September 2020).
63. Устав о промышленном труде. – Свод законов Российской империи. Т. XI. Ч. 2. Издание 1913 года, Санкт-Петербург, § 257–371.
64. Advisory Council to the Government for industrial relations.
65. Tööstusnõukogu protokoll 02.06.1922. RA, ERA 73.1.1430, 24–25; Tööstusnõukogu protokoll 18.07.1922. RA, ERA.73.1.1430, 26, 30.
66. Ekspertkomisjoni koosoleku protokoll 13.05.1922. RA, ERA.31.4.335, 10–12; Kaubandus-Tööstusministeeriumis toimunud valitsuskomisjoni koosoleku protokoll 2.06.1922. RA, ERA.50.1.2712, 135, 136; Ekspertkomisjoni protokoll 16.09.1922. RA, ERA 50.1.2712, 125.
67. Valitsuse otsus 29.05.1931. RA, ERA.50.1.2712, 8.
68. IV Riigikogu protokollid, 8. istungjärk, protokoll nr 175, 22. oktoober 1931. Riigikogu, Tallinn, 1931, 3188.
69. IV Riigikogu protokollid, 8. istungjärk, protokoll nr 175, 3189.
70. IV Riigikogu protokollid, 8. istungjärk, protokoll nr 175, 3191.
71. Kaubandus-Tööstuskoja arvamus haiguskindlustusseaduse elnõu kohta, 03.11.1936. RA, ERA.891.1.1234, l 5.
72. Peep, V. Eesti sotsiaalpoliitilise õigusloome arengujooned 1. omariiklusajal. Argo, Tallinn, 2005, 140.
73. RT, 1938, 42, art 400.
74. Great Britain and the Washington Maternity Convention. – International Labour Office. Official Bulletin, 1921, 4, 12, 8–9.
75. Ratifications of C003: Maternity Protection Convention, 1919. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312148 (last accessed 12 September 2020).
76. C007: Minimum Age (Sea) Convention, 1920. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C007 (last accessed 20 September 2020).
77. C015: Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C015 (last accessed 3 October 2020).
78. C016: Medical Examination of Young Persons (Sea) Convention, 1921. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C016 (last accessed 3 October 2020).
79. I Riigikogu protokollid, 7. istungjärk, protokoll nr 141, 29. juuni 1922. Tallinn, Riigikogu, 1922; 8, istungjärk, protokoll nr 180, 15. detsember, 1922. Riigikogu, Tallinn, 1922, 1520.
80. RT, 1925, 29/30, 151.
https://doi.org/10.1259/bir.1925.0034
81. Ekspertkomisjoni otsus 26.10.1925. RA, ERA. 31.3.3696, 6–8.
82. RT, 1925, 199/200, art 140.
83. RT, 1928, 28, art 145.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2790638
84. C058: Minimum Age (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1936. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C058 (last accessed 4 October 2020).
85. E. Türna aruanne valitsusele 21. ja 22. ILO konverentsi tööst 1936. a. RA, ERA.31.3.15125, 2, 22.
86. Riigihoidja K. Pätsi otsus 06.04.1938. RA, ERA.31.3.5199, 39.
87. Ratifications of C058 - Minimum Age (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1936. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312203:NO (last accessed 4 October 2020).
88. International Labour Conference. Third Session Geneva 1921. Geneva 1921, p LXVII.
89. C010: Minimum Age (Agriculture) Convention, 1921. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C010 (last accessed 5 October 2020).
90. R014: Night Work of Children and Young Persons (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312352:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
91. Ratifications of C010: Minimum Age (Agriculture) Convention, 1921. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312155:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
92. RT, 1921, 102, art 194.
93. I Riigikogu protokollid, 7. istungjärk, protokoll nr 141, 29. juuni 1922, 479-480.
94. RT, 1939, 47, art 368.
95. See Riigivolikogu stenograafilised aruanded. I koosseis I ja II istungjärk. 1.–45. koosolek 1938, 348, 350–352, 574–575, 613
96. R012: Maternity Protection (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921 (No. 12) –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:1716689046531::NO::P12100_SHOW_TEXT:Y: (last accessed 21 September 2020).
97. Initially there was a problem with the representative of the workers because Estonia lacked a strong trade union movement, or a central organisation of trade unions. In addition workers looked at the ILO with scepticism because they were convinced that in decision making their interest would not be taken into account. For this reason the government appointed social democratic parliamentary deputies as the Estonian labour representative to the conferences until 1926.
98. International Labour Conference. Third Session Geneva 1921. International Labour Office, Geneva 1921, 277.
99. R013: Night Work of Women (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1921. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312351:NO (last accessed 21 September 2020).
100. International Labour Conference. Third Session, 400.
101. V. Grohmanni aruanne 3. ILO konverentsi tööst 1921. a detsembris. RA, ERA.31.4.281, 13, 14.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50136a900
102. See, for example, Estur. Rahvusvaheline töökonverents lõppenud. – Tallinna Teataja, 1919, 6 December; Töökonverents Genfis. – Postimees, 1926, 28 May; K.-t.-koja nõunik hra E. Masik Genfis. – Kaubandus-Tööstuskoja Teataja, 1926, 8, 246; XIII rahvusvahelise töökonverentsi töö. – Kaubandus-Tööstuskoja Teataja, 1929, 22, 508–511; Gustavson, A. IXX Rahvusvaheline töökonverents. 40-tunnilisele töönädalale põhimõtteline tunnustus. – Rahva Sõna, 1935, 45, 8–12; Gustavson, A. Rahvusvaheline tööorganisatsioon 1936. a. – Tööliskoja Teataja, 1937, 3, 70–71; Rebane, I. XXIII Rahvusvaheline töökonverents.– Tööliskoja Teataja, 1937, 7/8, 193–195; 9, 228–231; Mis on ja kuidas töötab Rahvusvaheline Töö-organisatsioon. Töökaitse ja sotsiaalkindlustuse dir. J. Sonin jutustab tänavusest töökonverentsist. – Uus Eesti, 1938, 3 July; Genfi töökonverents. – Päevaleht 1939, 15 June.
103. RT, 1939, 47, art 368.
104. C33: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C033:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
105. Gustavson, A. XVI rahvusvaheline töökonverents. – Töö ja Tervis, 1932, 8, 150.
106. International Labour Conference. Sixteenth Session, Geneva 1932. Record of Proceedings. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1932, 419.
107. R041: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Recommendation, 1932. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R041 (last accessed 3 October 2020).
108. International Labour Conference. Sixteenth Session, 419, 481.
109. See Ratifications of C033: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932. –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312178:NO (last accessed 4 October 2020).
110. Hariduse ja sotsiaalministri kiri valitsusele 23.10.1933. RA, ERA.31.3.5161, 1, 1v; Valitsuse otsus 26.10.1933. RA, ERA.31.3.5161, 30.
111. Seletuskiri ILO konventsiooni minimaalsest vanusest mittetööstuslikel töödel kinnitamise seaduse eelnõu juurde. RA, ERA.80.5.667, 1, 2.
112. C60: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937. –
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C060 (last accessed 4 October 2020).
113. J. Kõdari aruanne valitsusele 23. ILO konverentsi tööst 1937. a. RA, ERA. 957.14.379, 23v.
114. J. Kõdari aruanne valitsusele 23. ILO konverentsi tööst 1937. a. RA, ERA. 957.14.379, 23v; International Labour Conference Twenty-Third Session, 504–505.
115. Ratifications of C060: Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937 –
http://www.ilo.ch/dyn/normlex/de/f?p=NOMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312205:NO (last accessed 5 October 2020).
