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(i)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 249.39 419.53 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(\).)Tj
-9.9543 -1.215 TD
0.021 Tc
[(Dialects)-720.9(exhibiting)-720.9(vowel)-719(reduction)-720.9(have)-719(complex)-720(and)-718(unstable)]TJ
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
[(vocalism)-544.7(in)-547.6(non-initial)-542.8(syllables)-544.7()-547.7(the)-547.6(quality)-545.7(of)-548.6(reduced)-544.7(vowels)-545.7(and)]TJ
T*
[(patterns)-344.7(of)-348.5(distribution)-342.8(vary.)-346.6(Both)-347.6(full)-347.6(and)-346.6(reduced)-345.7(vowels)-346.6(occur)-346.6(in)-348.5(same)]TJ
T*
[(morphological)-474.3(forms)-478.1(of)-479(different)-476.2(words,)-477.1(for)-478.1(example:)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 399.96 370.93 Tm
0.0095 Tc
(sazr)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 429.95 370.93 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(a)-479(sister)-477.1()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 127.87 358.78 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(sazrm)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 169.91 358.78 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(my)-375.2(sister)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 223.74 358.78 Tm
0 Tc
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.3862 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(sazrz)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 283.33 358.78 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(his)-375.2(sister,)-372.4(but:)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 361.05 358.78 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(kopo)Tj
1.9216 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 391.09 358.78 Tm
0.0104 Tc
[(a)-375.3(back)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 431.74 358.78 Tm
0 Tc
()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
1.3853 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(kopo)Tj
1.9215 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(rem)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 127.87 346.63 Tm
0.0104 Tc
[(my)-397.2(back)-395.3()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 193.09 346.63 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(kopo)Tj
1.9217 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(reze)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 238.8 346.63 Tm
0.0104 Tc
[(his)-396.3(back.)-396.3(Or,)-397.2(both)-396.3(full)-396.3(and)-396.3(reduced)-394.4(vowels)-395.3(occur)]TJ
-10.5648 -1.215 TD
[(in)-371.5(different)-369.6(forms)-371.5(of)-372.5(a)-372.5(same)-390.6(word,)-371.5(e.g.:)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 324.24 334.48 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(mor)Tj
1.5941 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5376 0 TD
0.0093 Tc
(-)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 366.85 334.48 Tm
0.0104 Tc
[(a)-372.5(song,)-370.6(but:)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 433.25 334.48 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(morom)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 467.94 334.48 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(my)Tj
-32.3876 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
(song)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 153.13 322.33 Tm
0 Tc
(.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 144.87 310.18 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0619 Tw
(Since the mobility of stress has not been cancelled in the varieties with)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.2257 Tw
(unstressed vowel reduction, a syllable with a schwa-vowel can become)Tj
T*
0.0038 Tc
0.0086 Tw
(stressed; the schwa-vowel in the stressed syllable develops into a full vowel,)Tj
T*
0.0104 Tc
0 Tw
(e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 149.97 273.73 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(sazr)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.5195 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.8078 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(sazr)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 220.31 273.73 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2705 Tw
[(a sister.)-523.8(Vowels fail to reduce in certain consonant)]TJ
-8.8038 -1.215 TD
0 Tw
(environments: )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 200.2 261.58 Tm
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 209.16 261.58 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1143 Tw
(preserves its quality before )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 345.06 261.58 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(v)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 354.65 261.58 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(and )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 376.68 261.58 Tm
0 Tc
(m)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 384.65 261.58 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1142 Tw
(, e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 411.77 261.58 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(todov)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 440.67 261.58 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1143 Tw
(a pillow)Tj
-29.7905 -1.215 TD
0.2276 Tw
(\(in separate idiolects a change like in )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 321.99 249.43 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(todov)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 352.33 249.43 Tm
0.0107 Tc
(> )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 363.92 249.43 Tm
0.0095 Tc
(todu)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 389.47 249.43 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(occurs\); )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 431.52 249.43 Tm
0 Tc
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 441.73 249.43 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2276 Tw
(resists in)Tj
-29.8914 -1.215 TD
0.2305 Tw
(certain word forms, e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 253.2 237.28 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(tele)Tj
1.7705 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(n)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 283.6 237.28 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2304 Tw
(of the winter, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 362.64 237.28 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(mele)Tj
2.0606 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(n)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 396.23 237.28 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2304 Tw
[(of last year \()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
6.779 0 TD
0.0099 Tc
0 Tw
(Cy-)Tj
-32.3371 -1.215 TD
0.0104 Tc
(gankin)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.5752 0 TD
0.1276 Tw
(1979 : 51\).)Tj
-1.9562 -1.215 TD
0.1295 Tw
(A formant analysis of vowels in the stressed and unstressed syllables)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.2019 Tw
(provided in Erzya Prosody \(Lehiste, Aasme, Meister, Pajusalu, Teras,)Tj
T*
0.0838 Tw
(Viitso 2003\), which did not aim at the analysis of inter-dialect differences,)Tj
T*
0.0047 Tw
[(has shown)-260(centralization of vowels in unstressed syllables. The mid vowels)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 127.87 164.38 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 135.79 164.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(and )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 157.41 164.38 Tm
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 165.94 164.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0762 Tw
(tended to centralize more than the other vowels; )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 404.71 164.38 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 413.92 164.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0761 Tw
(appeared to be)Tj
-27.2429 -1.215 TD
0.1085 Tw
[(the most resistant to centralization.)-352.4(Vowel reduction in Erzya can, appar)14.3(-)]TJ
T*
0.2019 Tw
(ently, be referred to a type \(Crosswhite 2004\), in which )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 411.71 140.08 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 422.24 140.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2019 Tw
(has a special)Tj
-28.0352 -1.215 TD
0.1276 Tw
(durational status.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 127.87 736.23 Tm
0.012 Tc
0.1312 Tw
(Niina Aasme)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 127.87 93.1799 Tm
0.0101 Tc
0 Tw
(272)Tj
ET
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/GS1 gs
13 831 m
13 831 l
f
q
1 i
13 831 569 -817 re
13 831 m
W n
0 842.04 594.96 -842.04 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
9.45 0 0 9 107.91 712.13 Tm
0 g
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(Examples)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 107.91 693.98 Tm
0.3094 Tc
[(Group)-297.3(1)298.9( )]TJ
5.5576 0 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.0343 Tw
(\(basis for literary Erzya\): )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 288.01 693.98 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(ava)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 308.11 693.98 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0343 Tw
(a woman, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 363.42 693.98 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(kudo)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 388.89 693.98 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0343 Tw
(a house, home,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 107.91 681.83 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(vele)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 132.4 681.83 Tm
0.0104 Tc
0.1277 Tw
(a village,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 186.17 681.83 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(o)Tj
0.4558 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
0.0098 Tc
(so)Tj
0.8415 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 209.34 681.83 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(the city, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 257.87 681.83 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(mastor)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 293.04 681.83 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(earth, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 329.72 681.83 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(pit)Tj
1.2579 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(nej)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 362.06 681.83 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(expensive.)Tj
-24.2048 -1.215 TD
0.3037 Tc
[(Group)-263(2)310.4(:)310.4( )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 167.55 669.6799 Tm
-0.0067 Tc
(ava)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.4932 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5041 0 TD
-0.0067 Tc
(kud)Tj
1.5099 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0067 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 211.02 669.6799 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 216.5 669.6799 Tm
-0.0069 Tc
(kudu)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.029 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5041 0 TD
-0.0066 Tc
(vel)Tj
1.3234 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4466 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5041 0 TD
(o)Tj
0.4394 0 TD
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
-0.0066 Tc
(so)Tj
0.8088 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 287.16 669.6799 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 292.64 669.6799 Tm
(o)Tj
0.4395 0 TD
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
(s)Tj
0.3695 0 TD
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
(o)Tj
0.4395 0 TD
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3706 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5041 0 TD
-0.0067 Tc
(mast)Tj
1.8822 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0067 0 TD
-0.0067 Tc
(or)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.8408 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5041 0 TD
-0.0066 Tc
(pit)Tj
1.1927 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
-0.0066 Tc
(nej/pit)Tj
2.9893 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
-0.0066 0 TD
-0.0066 Tc
(nij)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 409.61 669.6799 Tm
0.0086 Tw
(. Unstressed)Tj
-28.7333 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.1638 Tw
(second-syllable vowels )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 223.42 657.53 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 232.27 657.53 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(and )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 254.81 657.53 Tm
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 259.81 657.53 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1638 Tw
(, in some positions also )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 381.24 657.53 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 386.92 657.53 Tm
0.0104 Tc
0.1639 Tw
[(, are weakened)]TJ
-26.5724 -1.215 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 111.52 645.38 Tm
()Tj
0.0095 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.462 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.7625 0 TD
()Tj
0.0091 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4569 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.7634 0 TD
()Tj
0.0099 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.5141 0 TD
(\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 153.98 645.38 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(or )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 169.18 645.38 Tm
0 Tc
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 179.39 645.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
(and )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 202.59 645.38 Tm
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 212.7 645.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2266 Tw
(tend to change into )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 316.27 645.38 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.7634 0 TD
(u)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 334.17 645.38 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2266 Tw
(, respectively; in a limited)Tj
-21.5486 -1.215 TD
0.0086 Tc
0.0038 Tw
(number of word forms a schwa vowel appears, e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 352.98 633.23 Tm
0.0088 Tc
0 Tw
(kuds)Tj
2.3919 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0088 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 387.87 633.23 Tm
0.0086 Tc
0.0038 Tw
(at home, which)Tj
-26.6629 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.0914 Tw
(is pronounced as a full vowel once the syllable with )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 365.78 621.08 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 374.63 621.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0914 Tw
(receives stress, e.g.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 107.91 608.9299 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(kuds)Tj
2.654 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 142.98 608.9299 Tm
(.)Tj
-3.34 -1.215 TD
0.3094 Tc
[(Group)-405.8(3)298.9(:)298.9( )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 171.26 596.78 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(ava)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.5422 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6754 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(kud)Tj
1.5588 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 218.71 596.78 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 224.35 596.78 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(-u)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.9347 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6754 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(vl)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 263.47 596.78 Tm
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 270.79 596.78 Tm
(o)Tj
0.4557 0 TD
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(so)Tj
0.8415 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.386 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6763 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(mastr)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.8151 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6754 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(pit)Tj
1.2579 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(nij)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.1594 0 TD
0 Tc
(.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 369.39 596.78 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1428 Tw
(Characteristic is the)Tj
-24.9029 -1.215 TD
0.0391 Tw
(use of )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 139.76 584.63 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 148.46 584.63 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.039 Tw
(both in initial and non-initial syllables; schwa occurs in non-initial)Tj
-3.8619 -1.215 TD
0.1276 Tw
(syllables in certain environments \(for example, before )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 374.77 572.48 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 379.17 572.48 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(\).)Tj
-25.8343 -1.215 TD
0.3094 Tc
[(Group)-329.6(4)298.9(:)298.9( )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 169.66 560.33 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(av)Tj
1.0274 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5966 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(kud)Tj
1.5588 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 216.34 560.33 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 221.99 560.33 Tm
0.0093 Tc
(-)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.8513 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5966 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(vl)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 259.32 560.33 Tm
0.0106 Tc
(/-)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 269.17 560.33 Tm
0 Tc
()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 274.15 560.33 Tm
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 280.6 560.33 Tm
(o)Tj
0.4558 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
(s)Tj
0.3858 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
(o)Tj
0.4558 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 299.49 560.33 Tm
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 305.14 560.33 Tm
(o)Tj
0.4558 0 TD
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
0.0098 Tc
(s)Tj
0.8376 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3851 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5966 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(mastr)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.816 0 TD
0 Tc
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5966 0 TD
0.0098 Tc
(pit)Tj
1.258 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0098 0 TD
0.0098 Tc
(ni)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 391.27 560.33 Tm
0 Tc
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 394.87 560.33 Tm
(j)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 398.45 560.33 Tm
(\))Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 402.05 560.33 Tm
0.0095 Tc
(. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 408.52 560.33 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0666 Tw
(The dialects)Tj
-28.6295 -1.215 TD
0.0143 Tw
(are characterized by extensive reduction;)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 305.84 548.18 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 313.7 548.18 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0143 Tw
(also occurs in the initial syllable)Tj
-19.599 -1.215 TD
0 Tw
(\(before )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 145.46 536.03 Tm
0 Tc
(r)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 154.11 536.03 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(or )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 168.27 536.03 Tm
0 Tc
(k)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 173.89 536.03 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(, e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 201.28 536.03 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(prdams)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 242.79 536.03 Tm
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 248.44 536.03 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(prdams)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 294.02 536.03 Tm
0.0104 Tc
0.1277 Tw
(to turn\).)Tj
-16.1048 -2.415 TD
0.139 Tw
[(Overall results of analysis based on the data of stress mobility, dura)29.5(-)]TJ
-1.62 -1.215 TD
0.0124 Tw
(tional relationship between the stressed and unstressed syllable nuclei, and)Tj
T*
0.1304 Tw
[(initial versus non-initial vocalism in the four idiolect groups are summa)35.3(-)]TJ
T*
0.1276 Tw
(rized in Table 3.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
30.739 -2.615 TD
0.0123 Tc
0 Tw
(Table)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.8562 0 TD
0 Tc
(3)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.45 0 0 9 118.25 438.28 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(Variability of vocalism, manifestations of stress and temporal relationship )Tj
2.9132 -1.2222 TD
(between stressed)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
8.0889 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.563 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(unstressed syllable nuclei in idiolect groups)Tj
8.4 0 0 8 107.91 411.13 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0.1273 Tw
[(Idiolects)-2721.3(Patterns of vocalism)-11594(Stress mobility)-1926.1(V)7.7(1)]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
38.4024 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.5548 0 TD
0.0023 Tc
0.0107 Tw
(V2 ratio)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 107.91 396.98 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(Group 1)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 164.61 396.98 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.456 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(u)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.922 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9066 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4551 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.6455 0 TD
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.3427 0 TD
(i)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(\))Tj
10.5 0 0 10 343.19 396.98 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1275 Tw
[(high)-5235.2(V1 = V2)]TJ
-22.4076 -1.215 TD
0.1276 Tw
(Group 2)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 164.61 384.83 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.456 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(u)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.922 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9247 0 TD
()Tj
0.0095 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.462 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
()Tj
0.0091 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4569 0 TD
0.3975 Tc
(,\()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(i)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.2874 0 TD
0.01 Tc
[(\),)-387.2(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
1.3309 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4524 0 TD
(\))Tj
10.5 0 0 10 343.19 384.83 Tm
0.0104 Tc
0.1276 Tw
[(fairly high)-2419.1(V1 > V2)]TJ
-22.4076 -1.215 TD
(Group 3)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 164.61 372.68 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.456 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(u)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.922 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.9247 0 TD
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.3427 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
0.01 Tc
(\),)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
0.3975 Tc
(,\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4551 0 TD
0.01 Tc
(\),)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(u)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.5349 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.6609 0 TD
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 343.19 372.68 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1275 Tw
[(restricted)-3014.3(V1 > V2)]TJ
-22.4076 -1.215 TD
0.1276 Tw
(Group 4)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 164.61 360.53 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(i)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.3246 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(o)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.456 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.66 0 TD
(u)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.922 0 TD
(/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.9247 0 TD
(\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.3427 0 TD
(e)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4615 0 TD
0.01 Tc
(\),)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.515 0 TD
0.3975 Tc
(,\()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9882 0 TD
0 Tc
(o)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.4551 0 TD
0.01 Tc
[(\),)-387.2(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
1.3309 0 TD
0 Tc
(u)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.5349 0 TD
0.01 Tc
[(\),)-387.2(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
1.3309 0 TD
0 Tc
(i)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.3255 0 TD
0.01 Tc
(\),)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.9873 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 343.19 360.53 Tm
0.0104 Tc
0.1276 Tw
[(low)-5586.7(V1 > V2)]TJ
-20.7876 -2.43 TD
0.3104 Tw
(The results systematically differentiate between the four groups of)Tj
-1.62 -1.215 TD
0.1752 Tw
(idiolects. On the one hand, the idiolects of group 1 differ from those of)Tj
T*
0.0933 Tw
(groups 2, 3 and 4. They show a relatively high mobility of stress and low)Tj
T*
0.0114 Tc
0.3515 Tw
(vowel duration variability, the latter being a feature characteristic of)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.219 Tw
(syllable-timed rhythm. Idiolect groups 2, 3 and 4 show vowel duration)Tj
T*
0.1314 Tw
[(variability and reduction caused by the effect of stress, i.e. features char)37.2(-)]TJ
T*
0.0238 Tw
(acteristic of stress-timed rhythm. On the other hand, the idiolects revealing)Tj
T*
0.1933 Tw
(different types of unstressed vowel reduction have been found to show)Tj
T*
0.0038 Tc
0.0086 Tw
(statistically significant differences in the duration of stressed and unstressed)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(syllable nuclei \(Aasme 2005\).)Tj
1.62 -1.215 TD
0.0447 Tw
(With regard to the range of mean duration ratios between stressed and)Tj
-1.62 -1.215 TD
0.2562 Tw
[(unstressed syllable nuclei)-502.8(\(1.01.2, as shown in Table 2\), it should be)]TJ
T*
0.2619 Tw
(emphasized that the prototypical stress timed languages with a strong)Tj
T*
0.1762 Tw
(tendency to reduce unstressed syllables \(English and German\) display a)Tj
T*
0.0124 Tc
0.3505 Tw
(much higher average duration ratio between stressed and unstressed)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.1866 Tw
(syllable nuclei, for example 1.87 in German \(Gut 2003 : 2439\). Our data)Tj
T*
0.1562 Tw
(allow stating that idiolect groups 2, 3 and 4 display a tendency towards)Tj
T*
0.1638 Tw
(stress-timed rhythm; however, the effect of prosodic timing is expressed)Tj
T*
0.0095 Tc
0.0029 Tw
(in a much lower duration ratio between the stressed and unstressed vowels)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 336.58 736.23 Tm
0.0121 Tc
0.1311 Tw
(Rhythm Related Effects in Erzya)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 450.71 93.1799 Tm
0.0101 Tc
0 Tw
(273)Tj
ET
1 g
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BT
/F16 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 124.92 96.02 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
0.0113 Tc
0.1414 Tw
[(3 Linguistica Uralica 4 2007)]TJ
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/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 127.87 711.13 Tm
0 g
0.0105 Tc
0.219 Tw
(than in typical stress-timed languages. Idiolect group 4, in this respect,)Tj
0 -1.215 TD
0.0952 Tw
(can be said to be the most distant from idiolect group 1 that gravitates to)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(syllable-timed rhythmic structure.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -2.43 TD
0.0924 Tw
(2.4. The effect of syllable structure upon the duration of syllable nuclei)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0 -2.315 TD
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
[(High)-346.7(phonotactic)-346.7(complexity)-346.7(allows)-347.6(qualifying)-346.7(a)-346.7(language)-347.6(as)-347.6(stress)-346.7(timed)]TJ
0 -1.215 TD
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(\()Tj
0.4276 0 TD
0.0105 Tc
[(Dauer)-426.6(1983\).)-425.7(Along)-427.6(with)-426.6(this,)-426.6(it)-427.6(has)-427.6(been)-427.6(admitted)-424.7(that)-426.6(syllable-related)]TJ
-0.4276 -1.215 TD
[(segment)-588.5(duration)-587.6(patterns)-587.6(are)-589.5(not)-590.4(explicitly)-586.6(encoded)-587.6(\()-85.1(Redford)-587.6(2003)-589.5(:)]TJ
T*
(2261\).)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0571 Tw
(Concerning the syllable template of Erzya no empirical data have been)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.1038 Tw
(available hitherto. In literature, types of word structure have been shown)Tj
T*
0.0076 Tw
(to contain consonant combinations at the boundary of the stem and a suffix)Tj
T*
0.1828 Tw
(or of two suffixes \()Tj
/F8 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 224.41 554.33 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0.1831 Tw
(Devaev, Cygankin)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 322.54 554.33 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1828 Tw
(1970 : 7275; Rdei 1984 : 209)Tj
-18.54 -1.215 TD
0.1552 Tw
(230\). The question of syllabification has been raised in our study, where)Tj
T*
0.1476 Tw
(the conundrum of syllable division in structures with internal consonant)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(combinations \(CVCCVC\) was encountered \(Aasme 2006a\).)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.1095 Tw
(To find out whether the openness or closedness of a syllable in Erzya)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.1143 Tw
(is a source of variability for the duration ratios between adjacent syllable)Tj
T*
0.0114 Tc
0.3505 Tw
(nuclei, data obtained on words with a relatively transparent syllable)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.2324 Tw
(division will be considered here. Commentary will be provided on the)Tj
T*
0.1543 Tw
(measurement results of reading, which is less variable than spontaneous)Tj
T*
0.0038 Tc
0.0086 Tw
(speech \(for example, Bolotova 2003; Engstrand, Krull 2003\). For comparison,)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(spontaneous speech data will be illustrated.)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0962 Tw
(In Table 4 showing data on reading, vowel duration ratios and values)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.1781 Tw
(of standard deviation were obtained on series of words with four types)Tj
T*
0.2133 Tw
(of syllable structure, in which an open syllable is followed by an open)Tj
T*
0.1343 Tw
(syllable CV.CV \(e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 244.14 384.23 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(pata)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 269.93 384.23 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1343 Tw
(elder sister, aunt\), and by a closed syllable)Tj
-13.5295 -1.215 TD
0.1057 Tw
( CV.CVC \(e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 210.25 372.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(vakan)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 242.33 372.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1057 Tw
(plate\), CV.CVCC \(e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 357.61 372.08 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(kozoms)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 394.99 372.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.1057 Tw
(to cough\). One of)Tj
-25.44 -1.215 TD
0.2181 Tw
(the series had the CVCCV structure \(e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 338.68 359.93 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(pak)Tj
1.5249 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(sa)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 370.56 359.93 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2181 Tw
(field\) with ambiguous)Tj
-23.1133 -1.215 TD
0.1343 Tw
(syllable division \(CVC.CV or CV.CCV\). Tokens were chosen to contain a)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(same vowel in both syllables.)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0086 Tc
0.0038 Tw
(The data of idiolects without reduction \(VD, PA, VL\), that were referred)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.0095 Tw
(to the same type as group 1 in the spontaneous speech experiment, showed)Tj
T*
0.0028 Tw
(statistically significant differences between vowel durations in stressed and)Tj
T*
0.2724 Tw
(unstressed syllables in the series CV.CVC and CV.CVCC produced by)Tj
T*
0.0628 Tw
(speaker VL. Hence, in the productions of this speaker, the effect of closed)Tj
T*
0.0152 Tc
0.3467 Tw
[(syllable vowel shortening)-621(\(Maddieson 1985; Redford 2003\))-622.9(can have)]TJ
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.0333 Tw
(occurred. In the productions of speakers VD and PA, the openness)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
30.3695 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.5381 0 TD
0.0099 Tc
(closed-)Tj
-30.9076 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.0809 Tw
(ness of the syllables did not produce statistically significant differences )Tj
T*
0.1343 Tw
(in the words with varied structure, vowel durations in adjacent syllables)Tj
T*
0.1809 Tw
(tended to be equal. An insignificant shortening of vowels in the second)Tj
T*
0.1171 Tw
[(closed syllable of the CV.CVC and CV.CVCC)-375.2(series was, though, observ)12.4(-)]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(able.)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.2904 Tw
(The data of idiolects with reduction \(VR, NP, AB, NA\), that were)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0714 Tw
(referred to the same types as groups 2, 3 and 4 in the spontaneous speech)Tj
T*
0.12 Tw
[(experiment, showed statistically significant differences between the dura)35.3(-)]TJ
T*
0.2933 Tw
(tion of stressed and unstressed syllable nuclei in the CV.CVCC series)Tj
T*
0.0257 Tw
(produced by all the four speakers, in the productions of the CV.CVC series)Tj
T*
0.1952 Tw
(produced by speakers VR and NP, and the CVCCV series produced by)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 127.87 736.23 Tm
0.012 Tc
0.1312 Tw
(Niina Aasme)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 127.87 93.1799 Tm
0.0101 Tc
0 Tw
(274)Tj
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q
1 i
13 831 569 -817 re
13 831 m
W n
0 842.04 594.96 -842.04 re
W n
BT
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 107.91 711.13 Tm
0 g
0.0105 Tc
0.2 Tw
(speakers VR, NP, NA. The effect of vowel shortening in the unstressed)Tj
0 -1.215 TD
0.1247 Tw
(second syllable primarily attributable to the effect of stress did not occur)Tj
T*
0.0809 Tw
[(in the CV.CV series \(except the productions of speaker VR\). In)-330.4(this series,)]TJ
T*
0.2495 Tw
(the idiolects lacking reduction \(VD, PA, VL\) displayed an insignificant)Tj
T*
0.0466 Tw
(vowel lengthening in the final open syllable, which is a feature of syllable-)Tj
T*
0.2638 Tw
(timed class, while in the idiolects with reduction \(except speaker VR\),)Tj
T*
0.1095 Tw
(competing tendencies towards lengthening and shortening were found to)Tj
T*
0.0428 Tw
(co-occur. Vowel durations tended to be equal due to the concurrent effects)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(of initial stress and final vowel lengthening.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
30.7343 -2.43 TD
0 Tw
(Table )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.861 0 TD
0 Tc
(4)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.45 0 0 9 193.23 578.63 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(Mean duration ratios \(V1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
12.0931 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.563 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(V2\) and values)Tj
-15.8444 -1.2222 TD
(of standard deviation for four types of word structure.)Tj
8.4 0 0 8 133.48 557.63 Tm
0.1274 Tw
(Significant differences in the values of duration for stressed and unstressed )Tj
-2.0464 -1.25 TD
[(syllable nuclei are starred: *\()]TJ
/F13 1 Tf
14.2607 0 TD
0.0092 Tc
0 Tw
(p )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.9702 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(< 0.05\), **\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
5.1143 0 TD
0.0092 Tc
0 Tw
(p )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.9702 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(< 0.005\), ***\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
6.1095 0 TD
0.0092 Tc
0 Tw
(p )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.969 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(< 0.0005\), ****\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
7.1048 0 TD
0.0092 Tc
0 Tw
(p )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.969 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1273 Tw
(< 0.0001\))Tj
-24.1321 -2.5188 TD
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
[(CVCV)-3345.3(CVCCV)-2981(CVCVC)-3288.1(CVCVCC)]TJ
-11.3083 -1.125 TD
0.1274 Tw
[(Speaker)-1948.8(Value)-2861.9(# = 47)-3831(# = 52)-3832.2(# = 42)-4506(# = 59)]TJ
0 -2.0188 TD
0 Tw
[(VD)-4107.3(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 502.33 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.90)-3607.5(0.99)-3606.5(0.99)-4146.5(1.07)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 490.18 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 490.18 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.05)-3607.5(0.05)-3606.5(0.10)-4146.5(0.07)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 477.03 Tm
0.0089 Tc
[(PA)-4330.4(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 477.03 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.94)-3607.5(0.98)-3606.5(1.09)-4146.5(1.13)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 464.88 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 464.88 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.06)-3607.5(0.08)-3606.5(0.11)-4146.5(0.14)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 451.73 Tm
0.0089 Tc
[(VL)-4330.4(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 451.73 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(0.95)-3607.6(1.00)-3207.6(*1.13)-2950.5(***1.28)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 439.58 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 439.58 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.09)-3607.5(0.08)-3606.5(0.14)-4146.5(0.13)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 422.43 Tm
0.0098 Tc
[(VR)-4217.6(M)]TJ
10.5 0 0 10 214.37 422.43 Tm
0.0103 Tc
(**)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.9695 0 TD
0.0105 Tc
[(1.05)-3208.5(*1.08)-2808.5(**1.29)-2551.4(****1.39)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 410.28 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 410.28 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.12)-3607.5(0.07)-3606.5(0.11)-4146.5(0.13)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 397.13 Tm
0.0097 Tc
[(NP)-4273.6(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 397.13 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(0.97)-3208.5(*1.06)-3207.6(*1.06)-2950.5(***1.16)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 384.98 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 384.98 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.04)-3607.5(0.05)-3606.5(0.11)-4146.5(0.06)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 371.83 Tm
0.0099 Tc
[(AB)-4272.2(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 371.83 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(1.03)-3607.6(1.11)-3606.6(1.17)-3348.6(**1.26)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 359.68 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 359.68 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.11)-3607.5(0.11)-3606.5(0.20)-4146.5(0.14)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 124.92 346.53 Tm
0.0094 Tc
[(NA)-4107.3(M)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 346.53 Tm
0.0105 Tc
[(1.08)-3208.5(*1.08)-3606.6(1.06)-3747.6(*1.20)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 173.11 334.3799 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(S.D.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 224.55 334.3799 Tm
0.0106 Tc
[(0.06)-3607.5(0.06)-3606.5(0.08)-4146.5(0.18)]TJ
-9.4886 -2.815 TD
0.0133 Tw
(Spontaneous speech data shown in Table 5 were obtained on a \(C\)V.CV)Tj
-1.62 -1.215 TD
0.0638 Tw
(series \()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 141.71 294.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(vele)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 162.12 294.08 Tm
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 167.77 294.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(vl)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 192.53 294.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0638 Tw
(a village, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 244.76 294.08 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(kudo)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 266.98 294.08 Tm
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 272.63 294.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(kud)Tj
1.5588 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
(a)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 299.01 294.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0638 Tw
(a house, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 347.47 294.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(uli)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 361.52 294.08 Tm
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 367.17 294.08 Tm
0.0096 Tc
(ule)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 386.3 294.08 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0638 Tw
(is, there is\) and)Tj
-26.5133 -1.215 TD
0.019 Tw
(a V.CVC series of tokens \()Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 232.19 281.93 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(ara)Tj
1.4448 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0096 0 TD
(s)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0.386 0 TD
(,)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
0.5476 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(apak)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 283.97 281.93 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0191 Tw
(no, not, )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 328.3 281.93 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(ulit)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 350.21 281.93 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.019 Tw
(are, there are\), in which)Tj
-23.0762 -1.215 TD
0.2181 Tw
(same or comparable vowel segments in the adjacent syllables occurred.)Tj
T*
0.0095 Tc
0.0029 Tw
(The data are analogous to those of reading in that the idiolect group having)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.0352 Tw
(no reduction displayed no significant differences between vowel durations)Tj
T*
0.2028 Tw
(in words of varied syllable structure. In the data of the idiolect groups)Tj
T*
0.1352 Tw
(having reduction, a significant vowel shortening in the closed syllable of)Tj
T*
0.1571 Tw
[(the V.CVC)-412.4(series occurred in the idiolects of group 4, which are charac)31.5(-)]TJ
T*
0.1276 Tw
(terized by radical vowel reduction.)Tj
1.62 -1.215 TD
0.0085 Tw
(Thus, in the idiolects with reduction, the temporal relationship between)Tj
-1.62 -1.215 TD
0.1695 Tw
(the syllable nuclei can be more affected by the syllable type than in the)Tj
T*
0.1066 Tw
(idiolects lacking reduction. The idiolects having no reduction thus can be)Tj
T*
0.1105 Tw
(classified as syllable timed, since they showed a tendency towards vowel)Tj
T*
0.2381 Tw
(lengthening and no significant variability of vowel duration dependent)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(either on stress or the openness)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
14.8048 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.5381 0 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(closedness of the syllable.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 336.58 736.23 Tm
0.0121 Tc
0.1311 Tw
(Rhythm Related Effects in Erzya)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 450.71 93.1799 Tm
0.0101 Tc
0 Tw
(275)Tj
ET
1 g
106.91 102.18 96.97 -28.35 re
f
BT
/F16 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 124.92 96.02 Tm
0 g
0 Tc
(3)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0.5671 0 TD
(*)Tj
ET
0 G
0 J 0 j 0.3 w 10 M []0 d
122.5 513.25 m
432.87 513.25 l
122.5 433.88 m
432.87 433.88 l
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13 831 m
13 831 l
f
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1 i
13 831 569 -817 re
13 831 m
W n
0 842.04 594.96 -842.04 re
W n
BT
/F4 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 450.57 711.13 Tm
0 g
0.0104 Tc
0 Tw
(Table )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.8619 0 TD
0 Tc
(5)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
9.45 0 0 9 187.79 700.13 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(Mean values of duration for stressed and unstressed )Tj
-1.4074 -1.2222 TD
(syllable nuclei \(V1, V2\) and mean duration ratios \(V1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
25.8116 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.563 0 TD
0.0093 Tc
(V2\) )Tj
-26.1725 -1.2222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(with values of standard deviation in spontaneous speech.)Tj
8.4 0 0 8 140.85 668.13 Tm
0.1274 Tw
(Significant differences between the values of duration for stressed and unstressed )Tj
-1.5452 -1.25 TD
0.0048 Tc
0.0452 Tw
(syllable nuclei \(V1, V2\) are starred: *\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
17.5167 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(p)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.8619 0 TD
0.0047 Tc
0.0453 Tw
(< 0.05\), **\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
4.8917 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(p)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.8619 0 TD
0.0047 Tc
0.0453 Tw
(< 0.005\), ***\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
5.8762 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(p)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.8619 0 TD
0.0047 Tc
0.0453 Tw
(< 0.0005\), ****\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
6.8607 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(p)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.8631 0 TD
0.0048 Tc
0.0452 Tw
(< 0.0001\))Tj
-37.4321 -2.3938 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1274 Tw
[(Series: CVCV VCVC )]TJ
-1.1619 -2 TD
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(Idiolects)Tj
4.7238 0.5 TD
[(#tokens)-1035.6(V1\()]TJ
/F13 1 Tf
6.2976 0 TD
(ms)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.2321 0 TD
0 Tc
(\))Tj
1.8417 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
(V2\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.6405 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(ms)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.2321 0 TD
2.0325 Tc
[(\)V)2023.4(1)]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
3.6631 0 TD
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.5631 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
[(V2)-1636.9(#tokens)-1156(V1\()]TJ
/F13 1 Tf
9.3512 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(ms)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.2321 0 TD
0 Tc
(\))Tj
2.556 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
(V2\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.6405 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
(ms)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
1.2321 0 TD
1.9432 Tc
[(\)V)1936.5(1)]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
3.5679 0 TD
0 Tc
(/)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0.5595 0 TD
0.0067 Tc
(V2)Tj
-41.3333 -2.1438 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(Group 1)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 176.06 609.83 Tm
0.0106 Tc
0 Tw
[(48)-1778(111.44)-965.6(113.79)-1986.5(0.99)-2486.5(24)-1778.9(100.96)-1505.6(106.96)-1986.5(0.96)]TJ
3.3086 -1.215 TD
[(15.65)-1477(16.43)-1986.5(0.17)-5796.1(18.00)-2017(17.82)-1986.5(0.21)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 127.87 583.53 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(Group 2)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 176.06 583.53 Tm
0.0106 Tc
0 Tw
[(33)-1778(105.48)-1476.1(99.58)-1986.5(1.08)-2486.5(17)-1778.9(105.88)-2016.1(99.44)-1986.5(1.09)]TJ
3.3086 -1.215 TD
[(17.84)-1477(17.37)-1986.5(0.22)-5796.1(23.53)-2017(20.46)-1986.5(0.25)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 127.87 557.23 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(Group 3)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 176.06 557.23 Tm
0.0106 Tc
0 Tw
[(21)-1778(123.90)-965.6(116.76)-1986.5(1.10)-2486.5(18)-1778.9(116.17)-1505.6(108.61)-1986.5(1.13)]TJ
3.3086 -1.215 TD
[(22.26)-1477(26.58)-1986.5(0.27)-5796.1(18.77)-2017(32.06)-1986.5(0.28)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8 127.87 530.93 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0.1274 Tw
(Group 4)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 176.06 530.93 Tm
0.0106 Tc
0 Tw
[(21)-1778(110.86)-965.6(107.19)-1986.5(1.04)-2486.5(17)-1778.9(109.47)-2016.1(87.24)-1188.4(**1.28)]TJ
3.3086 -1.215 TD
[(26.74)-1477(13.32)-1986.5(0.26)-5796.1(20.03)-2017(15.96)-1986.5(0.24)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
-7.8981 -2.915 TD
0.1276 Tw
(2.5. Hierarchy of rhythm in Erzya)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0 -2.115 TD
0.1466 Tw
(Rhythm is defined as a hierarchical phenomenon that manifests itself on)Tj
0 -1.215 TD
0.2314 Tw
(different levels of the prosodic hierarchy \(Cummins, Port 1998; Gibbon)Tj
T*
0.1171 Tw
(2003\). For example, rhythm in French, a language referred to the syllable)Tj
T*
0.0095 Tc
0.0029 Tw
(timed class, has been explained relative to the stress group while in English)Tj
T*
0.0105 Tc
0.1609 Tw
(and German, foot internal timing relations have been found relevant for)Tj
T*
0.1276 Tw
(the description of rhythm \(Wagner 2007\).)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0838 Tw
(The idea that Erzya stress is primarily dependent on the rhythm of an)Tj
-1.619 -1.215 TD
0.1428 Tw
[(utterance has been suggested in the works of)-400(Anatolij Rjabov \(1932\) and)]TJ
T*
0.2657 Tw
(Ernst Lewy \(1937\). Comparing the patterns of stress alternation in the)Tj
T*
0.2486 Tw
(examples provided by A. A. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
14.2 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.0095 0 TD
0.0104 Tc
0.2486 Tw
(Sachmatov \()Tj
/F8 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 338.1 359.13 Tm
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(ahmatov )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 396.03 359.13 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2486 Tw
(1910\), Ernst Lewy)Tj
-25.539 -1.215 TD
0.1495 Tw
(noticed regular successions of initial or non-initial stress in a phrase, for)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(example: )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 175.92 334.83 Tm
0.0097 Tc
(ombo)Tj
2.4063 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(c )Tj
1.4465 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
0.2475 Tw
(cista taga molenek)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 325.45 334.83 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.2381 Tw
(next day we went there again;)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 127.87 322.68 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(vdi)Tj
2.1147 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
0.2285 Tw
(s ul)Tj
1.8331 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(nis)Tj
1.4769 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
( )Tj
0.4982 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(li)Tj
0.7392 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
(smasa)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 237.86 322.68 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.219 Tw
(the water was in a well \(Lewy 1937 : 236\). It is)Tj
-10.4752 -1.215 TD
0.0057 Tc
0.0067 Tw
(important to note that A. A. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
12.7543 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
0.0067 0 TD
0.0057 Tc
0.0067 Tw
(Sachmatov collected the materials from dialects)Tj
-12.761 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tc
0.1276 Tw
(with vowel reduction, as it can be seen from the transcribed texts.)Tj
1.619 -1.215 TD
0.0105 Tw
(In an earlier work of the present author \()Tj
/F8 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 339.12 286.2299 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(Aasmq)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10 379.07 286.2299 Tm
0.0105 Tc
0.0104 Tw
(1982\) describing stress)Tj
-23.9238 -1.215 TD
(in field work materials, it has been claimed that stress alternations either)Tj
T*
0.119 Tw
(odd- or even-numbered syllables are stressed, e.g. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 376.57 261.9299 Tm
0.0097 Tc
0 Tw
(velese)Tj
3.2134 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
0.0097 0 TD
0.0097 Tc
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(/)Tj
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(velese)Tj
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()Tj
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(in our village are largely analyzable as sequences of disyllabic feet. In)Tj
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(the first systemic research into Erzya prosody \(Lehiste, Aasme, Meister,)Tj
T*
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T*
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T*
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/F2 1 Tf
30.739 -2.315 TD
0.0123 Tc
0 Tw
(Table)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.8562 0 TD
0 Tc
(6)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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(Mean values of duration for the syllable nuclei \(V1, V2, V3\) and mean )Tj
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(duration ratios \(V1/V2\) with standard deviations in di- and trisyllabic words.)Tj
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(< 0.005\), ***\()Tj
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(p )Tj
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(< 0.0005\), ****\()Tj
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(p )Tj
/F3 1 Tf
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0.0429 Tw
(< 0.0001\))Tj
-32.3976 -2.5187 TD
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0.1274 Tw
[(Serie: disyllabic )-261.9(Serie: trisyllabic)]TJ
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(Idiolects)Tj
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[(# tokens)-716.6(V1\()]TJ
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(ms)Tj
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(\))Tj
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(V2\()Tj
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(ms)Tj
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1.2321 0 TD
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[(\)V)1509.1(1)]TJ
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(/)Tj
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[(V2)-892.9(# tokens)-378.6(V1\()]TJ
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(ms)Tj
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[(\)V)1680.5(1)]TJ
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(/)Tj
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[(15.86)-1206.5(15.60)-2257(0.16)-3906.5(17.14)-1206.5(13.27)-937(16.94)-2120.8(0.27)]TJ
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[(18.85)-1206.5(16.66)-2257(0.22)-3906.5(21.82)-1206.5(12.70)-937(22.98)-2120.8(0.34)]TJ
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(Group 3)Tj
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[(21.08)-1206.5(27.44)-2257(0.28)-3906.5(22.41)-1206.5(19.13)-937(25.74)-2120.8(0.34)]TJ
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(Group 4)Tj
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[(22.49)-1206.5(17.02)-2257(0.28)-3906.5(20.69)-1206.5(13.72)-937(23.14)-2120.8(0.37)]TJ
-5.739 -2.815 TD
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(As to the duration of third syllable vowels, it can be seen from Table)Tj
-1.62 -1.215 TD
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T*
0.2495 Tw
(groups. However, there is little difference between the duration of the)Tj
T*
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T*
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(or less salient difference between the duration of second syllable vowels)Tj
T*
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1.62 -1.215 TD
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T*
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/F4 1 Tf
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(kudoso son ara)Tj
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()Tj
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(Rhythm Related Effects in Erzya)Tj
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(Niina Aasme)Tj
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[(duration of)-490.4(V1 and V2 in group 4 were statistically significant. Vowels)]TJ
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11.1937 0 TD
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0.563 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
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(V2\) for the stem and forms with suffixes. )Tj
8.4 0 0 8 147.91 510.18 Tm
0.1274 Tw
(Significant differences between the duration of V1 and s are starred: )Tj
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(Idiolects)Tj
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0.0094 Tc
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[(# tokens)-1035.8(V1)-3815.6(V2)-3159.6(V1)]TJ
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[(17.67)-1746.5(16.60)-1717(0.16)-5796.1(15.99)-1611.3(14.60)-2392.3(0.20)]TJ
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0.0106 Tc
[(40)-1391.3(106.05)-1236.1(100.18)-1716.1(1.08)-2874.2(53)-1391.3(109.23)-1610.3(95.25)-796.1(****1.17)]TJ
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[(19.66)-1746.5(18.33)-1717(0.22)-5796.1(18.28)-1611.3(15.12)-2392.3(0.22)]TJ
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(Group3)Tj
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0.0106 Tc
[(30)-1391.3(121.26)-1236.1(111.00)-1716.1(1.14)-2874.2(20)-1391.3(124.85)-1100.8(105.75)-1593.2(**1.22)]TJ
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[(20.21)-1746.5(29.15)-1717(0.26)-5796.1(20.91)-1611.3(23.19)-2392.3(0.28)]TJ
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(Group4)Tj
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[(25.24)-1746.5(18.78)-1717(0.28)-5796.1(19.56)-1611.3(14.03)-2392.3(0.28)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
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0.1276 Tw
(3. Implications )Tj
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0.0428 Tw
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0.0067 Tc
0.0057 Tw
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T*
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0.1962 Tw
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T*
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T*
0.1504 Tw
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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0.1171 Tw
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(r)Tj
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(: )Tj
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0.0105 Tc
(to)Tj
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0.1257 Tw
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T*
0.0924 Tw
(\(a schwa and a full vowel resembling)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
11.03 0 0 10.5 294.4 152.7299 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
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10.5 0 0 10 299.38 152.7299 Tm
(\))Tj
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T*
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T*
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(Rhythm Related Effects in Erzya)Tj
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T*
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T*
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T*
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0.1419 Tw
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T*
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T*
0.1276 Tw
(the stress-timed class.)Tj
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0.0095 Tc
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(Address:)Tj
0 -1.1111 TD
0.127 Tw
(Niina Aasme)Tj
T*
(University of Tartu)Tj
T*
(E-mail: niina.aasmae@ut.ee)Tj
T*
(Phone: +372 7375221)Tj
14.3418 -3.3333 TD
0.31 Tc
0 Tw
(REFERENCES)Tj
-14.3418 -2.3333 TD
-0.1333 Tw
[(Aasme)300.5(,)300.5( N)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
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0.0095 Tc
0.1672 Tw
[(2005, Durational )-12.7(Variability in Erzya: )-10.6(Stressed and )-5.3(Unstressed)]TJ
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0.0096 Tc
0.1281 Tw
(Syllable Nuclei in Idiolects. LU XLI, 264278.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-3.1968 -1.1111 TD
0.0089 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1968 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.147 Tw
[(2006a, Sources of )-11.7(Variability in the )-9.5(Duration of )-5.3(Stressed and )-5.3(Unstressed)]TJ
0 -1.1111 TD
0.0803 Tw
[(Syllable Nuclei in Erzya: )-7.4(Inter-Idiolect )-4.3(Data of Spontaneous )-4.3(Speech. LU)]TJ
T*
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(XVII, 8193.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-3.1968 -1.1111 TD
0.0089 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1968 0 TD
0.0053 Tc
0.0074 Tw
[(2006b, Stress and Quantity in Erzya, Tartu \(Dissertationes Philologiae Urali)12.7(-)]TJ
0 -1.1111 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(cae Universitatis Tartuensis 6\).)Tj
-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1301 Tw
[(Aasme)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
6.2408 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1704 Tw
[(N., )]TJ
2.2195 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
0 Tw
(Ros)Tj
2.5683 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1708 Tw
[(s, J. 2005, How Free is Alternating )-4.8(Stress in Erzya? )]TJ
-7.4296 -1.1111 TD
0.1269 Tw
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-28.4275 -1.1111 TD
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(Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrcken, 12131216.)Tj
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-0.1768 Tw
[(Nolan)300.6(,)300.6( F)300.6(.)300.6( )]TJ
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[(2006, Estonian and English rhythm. )-22.3(A)-384(T)-0.6(wo-Dimen-)]TJ
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[(tional Quantification )-6.6(Based on Syllables and )-5.5(Feet. Speech Prosody, 3rd)]TJ
T*
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(International Conference, Dresden, May 25, 249253.)Tj
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-0.1554 Tw
[(Barnes)300.4(,)300.4( J)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
7.0277 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
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[(2006, Strength and )-9.5(Weakness at the )-5.3(Interface. Positional Neutral)-11.6(-)]TJ
-3.4288 -1.1111 TD
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[(ization in )-7.4(Phonetics and )-7.4(Phonology, BerlinNew York.)]TJ
-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1724 Tw
[(Barry)300.5(,)300.5( W)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
6.7832 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1281 Tw
[(J., )]TJ
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0.31 Tc
-0.1724 Tw
[(Andreeva)300.5(,)300.4( B)300.4(.)300.5(,)300.4( )-6.3(Russo)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
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0.0095 Tc
0.1281 Tw
[(M., )]TJ
2.2542 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.1725 Tw
[(Dimitrova)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
8.0938 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.128 Tw
[(S., )-5.3(K)-300.7(o)-300.5(s)-150.5(-)]TJ
-29.643 -1.1111 TD
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[(tadinova)300.4(,)300.4( T)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
9.1582 0 TD
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[(2003, Do Rhythm Measures Tell us Anything about)]TJ
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[(Bolotova)300.4(,)300.4( O)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
8.9344 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1196 Tw
[(2003, On )-5.2(Some Acoustic Features of Spontaneous )-4.1(Speech and)]TJ
-5.3354 -1.1111 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.181 Tw
[(Reading in Russian \()-10.6(Q)-0.4(uantitative and )-8.4(Qualitative )-5.3(Comparison )-5.3(Methods\).)]TJ
T*
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0.009 Tc
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(th)Tj
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(International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,)Tj
-13.2317 -1.1111 TD
0.127 Tw
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-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
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-0.0644 Tw
[(Bybee)300.3(,)300.3( )]TJ
5.175 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.2359 Tw
[(J., )]TJ
1.8546 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.0645 Tw
[(Chakraborti)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
9.7111 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.2365 Tw
[(P., J)-300.7(u)-300.7(n)-299.4(g, D., )]TJ
8.6815 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.0645 Tw
[(Scheibman)300.5(,)300.5( J)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
10.1699 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(1998,)Tj
-31.9931 -1.1111 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1578 Tw
[(Prosody and )-5.1(Segmental Effect. Some )-5.1(Paths of Evolution for )-4(Word Stress.)]TJ
T*
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
( Studies in Language 22: 2, 267314.)Tj
-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1629 Tw
[(Crosswhite)300.5(,)300.5( K)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
10.6499 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1376 Tw
[(2004, Vowel )-9.5(Reduction. Phonetically-Based Phonology,)]TJ
-7.0509 -1.1111 TD
0.127 Tw
(Cambridge, 151.)Tj
-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.1321 Tw
[(Cummins)300.4(,)300.4( )]TJ
7.3572 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1685 Tw
[(F., )-5(P)-300.5(o)-300.5(r)-299.4(t, R. 1998, Rhythmic )-11.3(Constraints on )-6(Stress Timing in)]TJ
-3.7583 -1.1111 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(English. Journal of Phonetics 26, 145171.)Tj
-3.5989 -1.1111 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1873 Tw
[(Dauer)300.5(,)300.5( R)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
6.6858 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1137 Tw
[(1983, Stress Timing and )-18.6(Syllable )-4.8(Timing Reanalyzed. Journal of)]TJ
-3.0869 -1.1111 TD
0.127 Tw
(Phonetics 11, 5162.)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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[(1987, Phonetic and Phonological Components of Language Rhythm. )]TJ
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[(O., )]TJ
1.9713 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2317 Tw
[(Krull)300.5(,)300.5( D)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
6.1694 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
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[(2003, Rhythmic )-7.7(Intentions or )-4.5(Rhythmic Conse-)]TJ
-12.5313 -1.1222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1642 Tw
[(quences? Cross-)-7.4(Language Observations of )-7.3(Casual Speech. Proceedings)]TJ
T*
0.0096 Tc
0.146 Tw
(of the 15)Tj
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0.009 Tc
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(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 191.77 661.63 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.146 Tw
(International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Barcelona, 2789)Tj
-5.2741 -1.1222 TD
0 Tw
(2792.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
[(Feoktistow)300.1(,)-683.6(A)300.9(.)-684.6(P)300.6(.)]TJ
12.8159 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
[(1990,)-986.3(Die)-494.2(Dialekte)-495.3(der)-493.1(mordwinischen)-498.4(Sprachen.)-496.3()]TJ
-9.2159 -1.1222 TD
-0.0053 Tc
0.0349 Tw
[(H.)-335.5(Paasonens Mordwinisches Wrterbuch, Helsinki \(LSFU XXIII\), XXXICV.)]TJ
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.1694 Tw
[(Flemming)300.6(,)300.6( E)300.6(.)300.6( )]TJ
9.4012 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1316 Tw
[(2001, Scalar and )-11.2(Categorical )-4.8(Phenomena in a )-4.8(Unified Model)]TJ
-5.8012 -1.1222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1273 Tw
[(of Phonetics and )-7.1(Phonology. Phonology 18, 744.)]TJ
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3102 Tc
0 Tw
(Gu)Tj
1.9862 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1799 Tw
[(t, U. 2003, Non-Native Speech Rhythm in German. Proceedings of the)]TJ
1.6138 -1.1222 TD
0 Tw
(15)Tj
7.35 0 0 7 151.57 593.24 Tm
0.009 Tc
(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 162.05 590.9299 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Barcelona, 24372440.)Tj
-5.7291 -1.1222 TD
0.3092 Tc
-0.2965 Tw
[(Gibbon)299.7(,)299.7( D)299.7(.)299.7( )]TJ
7.1946 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.0014 Tw
[(2003, Computational )7.8(Modelling of Rhythm as Alternation, Iteration)]TJ
-3.5946 -1.1222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1273 Tw
(and Hierarchy. Proceedings of the 15)Tj
7.35 0 0 7 318.44 573.04 Tm
0.009 Tc
0 Tw
(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 328.92 570.73 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
(ICPhS, Barcelona, 24892492.)Tj
-23.3873 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2931 Tw
[(Itkonen)300.5(,)300.5( E)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
7.4824 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0074 Tw
[(1971, Zum Ursprung und Wesen der reduzierten Vokale im Mord)-38.1(-)]TJ
-3.8824 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(winischen. FUF XXXIX, 4179.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.1143 Tw
[(Lehiste)300.6(,)300.6( )]TJ
6.2111 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1863 Tw
[(I., )]TJ
1.7582 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1142 Tw
[(Aasme)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
6.2725 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1863 Tw
[(N., )]TJ
2.2523 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1143 Tw
[(Meister)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
6.3587 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0 Tw
(E., )Tj
2.3333 0 TD
0.31 Tc
[(Pajusalu)300.4(,)300.4( )]TJ
6.642 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.1862 Tw
[(K., )]TJ
2.1464 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
0 Tw
[(Teras)300.7(,)]TJ
-30.3746 -1.1222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
[(P., )]TJ
1.9069 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.1736 Tw
[(Viitso)300.6(,)300.6( )]TJ
5.1903 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
[(T.-R. 2003, Erzya Prosody, Helsinki \(MSFOu 245\).)]TJ
-10.6972 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
0 Tw
(Lew)Tj
2.854 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.091 Tw
[(y, E. 1937, Zur Betonung des Erzmordwinischen im Satze. FUF XXIV,)]TJ
0.746 -1.1222 TD
0.0096 Tc
0 Tw
(232245.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.1926 Tw
[(Lindblom)300.6( B)300.6(.)300.6( )]TJ
8.8973 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1086 Tw
[(1963, Spectrographic )-13.1(Study of Vowel Reduction. Journal of)]TJ
-5.2973 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(the Acoustical Society of America 35, 17731781.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2021 Tw
[(Low)300.5(,)300.5( E)300.5(.)300.5( L)300.5(,)300.5( )-8.5(Grabe)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
11.7043 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0984 Tw
[(E., )]TJ
1.8586 0 TD
0.3098 Tc
-0.2019 Tw
[(Nolan)300.3(,)300.3( F)300.3(.)300.3( )]TJ
6.5131 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.0994 Tw
[(1999, A )-9.5(Contrastive )-4.2(Study of Prosody)]TJ
-16.4761 -1.1222 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1269 Tw
(and Lexical Stress Placement in Singapore English and British English. )Tj
T*
0.127 Tw
(Language and Speech 42, 3956.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-3.1968 -1.1222 TD
0.0089 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1968 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0693 Tw
[(2000, Quantitative )-6.9(Characterizations of )-8(Speech Rhythm. Syllable Timing in)]TJ
0 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(Singapore English. Language and Speech, 43, 377401.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2814 Tw
[(Maddieson)300.5(,)300.5( J)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
9.4533 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0191 Tw
[(1985, Phonetic Cues to Syllabification. Phonetic Linguistics,)]TJ
-5.8533 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(Orlando, 203221.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.1735 Tw
[(Paasonen)300.5(,)300.5( H)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
9.3015 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
[(1893, Mordvinische Lautlehre. Helsingfors.)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
-8.8984 -1.1222 TD
0.0089 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1968 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.127 Tw
[(1903, Mordvinische Lautlehre, Helsingfors \(MSFOu 22\).)]TJ
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.0793 Tw
[(Ramus)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
5.5466 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.2212 Tw
[(F., )]TJ
2.0491 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.0795 Tw
[(Nespor)300.6(,)300.6( )]TJ
6.055 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.2211 Tw
[(M., )]TJ
2.4391 0 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.0793 Tw
[(Mehler)300.5(,)300.5( J)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
7.514 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.2212 Tw
[(1999, Correlates of )-15.9(Linguistic)]TJ
-20.004 -1.1222 TD
0.1274 Tw
[(Rhythm in the )-7(Speech Signal. Cognition 73, 265292.)]TJ
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.2032 Tw
[(Rdei)300.6(,)300.6( K)300.6(.)300.6( )]TJ
6.4578 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0974 Tw
[(1984, Phonologische Analyse des Erza-Mordwinischen. Studien zur)]TJ
-2.8578 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(phonologischen Beschreibung uralischer Sprachen, Budapest, 209230.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.2635 Tw
[(Redford)300.6(,)300.6( M)300.6(.)300.6( A)300.6(.)300.6( )]TJ
9.8113 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0371 Tw
[(2003, Cognitive Template for a Phonetic Correlate of Syllable)]TJ
-6.2114 -1.1222 TD
0.2318 Tw
(Structure. Proceedings of the 15)Tj
7.35 0 0 7 299.85 340.74 Tm
0.009 Tc
0 Tw
(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 311.31 338.43 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.2318 Tw
(International Congress of Phonetic)Tj
-17.9238 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(Sciences, Barcelona, 22612264.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3102 Tc
-0.2848 Tw
[(Wagner)300.7(,)300.7( P)300.7(.)300.7( )]TJ
7.3045 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0159 Tw
[(2007, Visualizing Levels of Rhythmic Organization. Proceedings)]TJ
-3.7045 -1.1222 TD
0 Tw
(16)Tj
7.35 0 0 7 151.57 310.4399 Tm
0.009 Tc
(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 161.06 308.1299 Tm
0.0095 Tc
0.1037 Tw
(International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrcken, 11131116.)Tj
-5.6243 -1.1222 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2476 Tw
[(White)300.5(,)300.5( )]TJ
4.8101 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0529 Tw
[(L., )]TJ
1.7666 0 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.2475 Tw
[(Mattys)300.4(,)300.4( S)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
6.9381 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.053 Tw
[(L., )]TJ
1.7677 0 TD
0.3101 Tc
-0.2477 Tw
[(Series)300.6(,)300.6( )]TJ
5.0356 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0533 Tw
[(L., G)-300.7(a)-300.7(g)-300.6(e, S. 2007, Rhythm )-9.2(Metrics)]TJ
-16.7181 -1.1222 TD
0.1469 Tw
(Predict Rhythmic Discrimination. Proceedings of the 16)Tj
7.35 0 0 7 399.91 290.24 Tm
0.009 Tc
0 Tw
(th)Tj
9.45 0 0 9 410.57 287.93 Tm
0.0095 Tc
(International)Tj
-28.4275 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrcken, 10091012)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.1237 Tw
[(Aasmq)300.4(,)300.4( N)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
7.857 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.1767 Tw
[(1982, Ritmieskoe udarenie v rzqnskom qzyke. )]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
25.18 0 TD
0 Tw
[(Filoloogia)-5.3(-)]TJ
-29.437 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(teadused Tartu likoolis. Konverentsi teesid. Tartu, 1517.)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.1978 Tw
[(Biukin)-727.1(M)300.5(.)300.5( S)300.5(.)300.5( )]TJ
10.6555 0 TD
0.0094 Tc
0.1027 Tw
[(1968, Zvukovaq sistema fedorovskogo dialekta rzq-mor)-35(-)]TJ
-7.0555 -1.1222 TD
0.0794 Tw
(dovskogo qzyka na territorii Bakirskoj ASSR. Oerki mordovskih)Tj
T*
0.1269 Tw
(dialektov 5, Saransk, 199317.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.2062 Tw
[(Devaev)300.4(,)300.4( S)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
7.2843 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0942 Tw
[(Z., )]TJ
1.7951 0 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.2063 Tw
[(Cygankin)300.4(,)300.4( D)300.4(.)300.4( V)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
10.9934 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0941 Tw
[(1970, Fonetika mordovskih \(mokan)-19.1(-)]TJ
-16.4728 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(skogo i rzqnskogo\) literaturnyh qzykov, Saransk.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1111 TD
0.31 Tc
-0.2824 Tw
[(Ermukin)300.4( G)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.1143 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
0.018 Tw
[(. 1984, )]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
3.6688 0 TD
0.0094 Tc
(Arealxnye issledovaniq po vostonym finno-ugorskim)Tj
-8.1831 -1.1111 TD
0.127 Tw
(qzykam \(rzq-mordovskij qzyk\), Moskva.)Tj
-3.6 -1.1222 TD
0.3099 Tc
-0.2422 Tw
[(ObXedkin)-637.2(V)300.4(.)300.4( D)300.4(.)300.4( )]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
10.7524 0 TD
0.0095 Tc
0.0582 Tw
(1961, )Tj
/F8 1 Tf
2.9344 0 TD
[(Staro-turdakovskij dialekt rzq-mordovskogo qzy)-24.5(-)]TJ
-10.0868 -1.1222 TD
0.127 Tw
(ka. Oerki mordovskih dialektov 1, Saransk)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
22.6847 0 TD
(, 100196.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-25.8815 -1.1222 TD
0.0089 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.1968 0 TD
0.0096 Tc
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